NOTES
(version 1a)

HERTFORDSHIRE. In red, across the top of the page, spread above both columns: Herfordscire on folios 132-136, Hertfordscire on folios 137-142 (JRM).

B1	HERTFORD. See also 23,4 Amwell note (JRM).
B2	DUES. Consuetudo, normally translated 'customary dues'; in the borough sections 'customary' is here omitted, to avoid excessive repetition; so B 2-4;6-10 (JRM).
B5	EUDO [* THE STEWARD *]. Eudo had a tenant Humphrey (31,1;8) and no other Eudo held in the county so this almost certainly the steward (JP).
B6	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
B8	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
B11	BOROUGH TOWN. The burgus ('borough') was in origin a garrisoned fortress. Hertford was fortified by Edward the Elder in 912, as a base of operations against the Danes of Bedford, Huntingdon and Cambridge, and its first burgenses ('burgesses') were its garrison. The suburbium (here translated 'borough town'), is a word rare enough to be misconceived in the Berkhamsted entry (15,1), and was probably intended to comprise the whole population, including those who lived without the walls, and those who did not have burgess rights and status. Elsewhere in Hertfordshire, Domesday burgesses were resident at Berkhamsted, which may or may not have been fortified before 1066, and also at Ashwell (9,10), which was still described as a burgus, and at Stanstead (25,2) where they paid local dues. Both places were strategically sited for the initiation of Edward's campaign and may have originated as subsidiary fortresses of the army of Hertford. It is theoretically possible that the 46 burgesses of St Albans (10,5) were not residents, but Londoners, like those of Staines (MDX 4,5), who lived at Staeningehaga withinne Lundne (possibly around Staining Lane), whom Edward the Confessor granted to Westminster's manor of Staines: Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, no. 855 [= Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 1142). But the St Albans burgesses, who held half a hide there, were probably resident; and the town is located in the middle of 'Danish' Hundred (see 5,2 'Danish' note). At Berkhamsted the burgesses had the right to levy tolls, and tolls are otherwise named in Hertfordshire only at the Borough of Ashwell and at St Albans. In Hertfordshire, as in other counties, markets were located in the boroughs, their profits and tolls assigned to the burgesses. St Alban's Abbey acquired Kingsbury about 1000; see Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 90 (JRM).
	£7 10s. Domesday uses the old English currency system, which endured for a thousand years until 1971. The pound contained 20 shillings, each of 12 pence, and the abbreviations £ s d preserved the Domesday terms librae, solidi and denarii (JRM).
L 11	[ABBOT OF RAMSEY]. Omitted from the List of Landholders. Chapters 12-42 are misnumbered 11-41 in the List of Landholders, but chapters 42-44 are numbered in the text as in the List, so that two chapters are numbered 42 in the text. The second of these is therefore given in the translation of the List as 42[a] (JRM).
1,1	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,2	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,3	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,4	WAIN. See Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 14; the name survives in Wain Wood. See also 7,4 Welwyn note [and 34,7 William note].
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,5	WESTONING. In Bedfordshire; -ing is a later suffix; see Place-names of Bedfordshire, p. 141 (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,6	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	CARTAGE AND ESCORT. Latin avera, provision of a cart with a mule or other animal; inward, of a horse and rider; originally 'when the king came into the shire'. These obligations are virtually confined to Cambridgeshire, and Hertfordshire (there chiefly to Hitchin and the king's Freemen). They were commonly commuted, for 4d in Hertfordshire, 8d in Cambridgeshire. In Hertfordshire 1 avera was normally paid on 1 hide (JRM).
	ESGER [* THE CONSTABLE *]'S WOMAN. See also 17,10 Esger note (JP).
1,7	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,8	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,9	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,10	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,11	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	ILBERT OF HERTFORD. See 34,13 Hertford note (JRM).
1,12	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	LILLEY. Previously also held by Leofeva, later by Geoffrey of Bec (34,12) (JRM).
1,13	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,14	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,15	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
1,16	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
1,19	£86. Latin quater xx. lib' et vi. It is possible that sol' has been omitted after vi, which would give an alternative reading of £80 6s (JRM).
2,1	ANSKETIL [* OF ROTS *]. Archdeacon of Rochester and tenant of the Bishop of Bayeux: Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, pp. 153-54 (JP).
2,2	ANSKETIL [* OF ROTS *]. See 2,1 Ansketil note (JP).
2,3	ANSKETIL [* OF ROTS *]. See 2,1 Ansketil note (JP).
2,5	ANSKETIL [* OF ROTS *]. See 2,1 Ansketil note (JP).
4,1	BISHOP WILLIAM. Bishop of London 1051-1075 (JRM).
4,2	[MUCH] HADHAM. Probably Much Hadham, where the dominium of the bishopric's manor was perhaps centred on the large moated site still termed 'The Lordship', at TL429199, immediately north of the palace and the church (JRM).
4,5	RODHERE. Roderius is probably distinct from Rodericus (SUF 26,1) (JRM).
4,7	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
4,8	LEVERAGE. Its common is now divided by the Widford/Much Hadham parish boundary. The smaller portion is named Leverage (centred on TL436156), in Much Hadham (Parish Map of 1833, Hertfordshire Record Office), but Great Levenage in Widford, to which it is joined by Levenage Lane, with Levenage Spring nearby (Tithe Map of 1839; Mingers Farm map of 1759). Interchange of 'n' and 'r' is normal; see Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, i. p. 106). Since the place had little meadow, its lands probably lay either in or about the modern common, or else in the cultivated area around the moated site of Mingers Farm (TL4316). Since Leofwara could sell the ½ hide, but not the whole hide, the distinction between 'Great' and 'Little' may date back to the eleventh century. The modern spelling is a normal derivation from the Domesday form, the wick ('specialised farmstead') of Leware. Though she evidently named the place, she was not necessarily its first founder. Lever Mead (with Lever Wood) in the north of the parish is a strip of land by a brook, probably laefer maed ('rush-grown meadow'); not connected with Leverage. The editor is indebted to Mr Peter Walne, Hertfordshire County Archivist, to Mr James Fox of the Ordnance Survey, and to Mr John McN Dodgson of the English Place-Name Society for help in locating this place (JRM).
4,9	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
	KING'S JURISDICTION. It is sometimes unclear whether de soca regis refers to people (see 4,16 jurisdiction note) or to land; here probably to land (JRM).
	2d. TO THE SHERIFF. Evidently for half an avera (1,6 cartage note) on ½ hide(JRM).
4,10	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
4,11	SIWARD. Farley misprints Siuurad' for the manuscript's Siuuard' (JRM).
4,12	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
4,13	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
4,14	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
	GODWIN [* OF *] BENFIELD. Of Benfield (Bentfield) in Stansted Mountfichet in Essex, TL5025, one mile north of the county boundary, 2 ½ miles east of Stocking Pelham parish (JRM).
4,15	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
4,16	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP)
	KING EDWARD'S JURISDICTION. Latin de soca regis here probably refers to people, rather than to land, as in 4,9 (see 4,9 jurisdiction note); also 5,9;11 etc (JRM).
4,20	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
4,21	[LITTLE] HADHAM. See 8,3 (JRM).
4,22	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
4,23	RODHERE. See 4,5 Rodhere note (JRM).
	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
4,25	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
5,1	TRING HUNDRED. The Domesday forms Tredunga, Treunga suggest that the origin might be a 'third', a Scandinavian 'thriding', as in the three Ridings of Yorkshire (Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 25); if so, the place took its name from the hundred, the reverse of normal practice. The hundred is in fact one of three which are probably divisions of an earlier whole; see 5,2 'Danish' note and 5,3 St Albans note. But the dominant twelfth century spellings are variants of Trehangra; which seems the more probable origin, meaning 'tree-slope' (JRM).
	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
5,2	IN 'DANISH' HUNDRED. 'DANISH' HUNDRED. Daneis, 'Danish' in Domesday; The later name 'Dacorum' ('of the Danes') is the product of twelfth century literary affectation, which allotted classical names to later barbarians, Getae to the Goths, Daci to the Danes, etc. There is no record of Danish rule in the area, and Scandinavian settlement names are rare. The name, however, implies Danish control at some period, perhaps about the years 890/910, which may have occasioned the possible fortification of St Albans (B11 town note). 'Danish' Hundred later absorbed Tring Hundred, but was already split into separated portions by St Albans (later Cashio) Hundred (5,3 St Albans note), probably a recent formation. Twelfth century tradition (for example Roger of Wendover, Chronicle, (of 1178) and related texts) remembered that in 'ancient times' the folk used to meet at the 'Standard Hills' in Redbourn, by description, Roman barrows with early seventh century secondary pagan English burials. Redbourn may have been the original meeting place, and the name, of the hundred, before the intervention of the Danes and the creation of 'Danish' later called Dacorum hundred (JRM).
	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. Probably the magnate Adam son of Hubert, brother of Eudo, the king's steward (JRM).
		A major tenant of the Bishop of Bayeux, brother of Eudo the steward, and one of the wealthiest post-Conquest landowners despite holding nothing directly from the Crown. Apart from two holdings in Kent, all his estates were held from the Bishop which makes it possible to identify him with some confidence, particularly in view of the infrequency of the name elsewhere than on the fief of the Bishop of Bayeux. See Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 123 (JP).
5,3	ST ALBAN'S HUNDRED. [Later Cashio Hundred.] Called 'Albanstow', St Albans Hundred, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; elsewhere almost entirely confined to St Albans' holdings. These however are given in separate northern and southern lists, with holdings in the other hundreds listed between them. This order suggests that the southern holdings (10,15-17) were newly added to an ecclesiastical hundred, separating portions of 'Danish' Hundred, which was itself recently formed and still expanding. Expansion continued, and St Albans' holdings all over Hertfordshire were later detached from their geographical hundreds and annexed to Cashio Hundred (JRM).
	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
5,4	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
	ALNOTH [* GRUTT *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
5,5	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
5,6	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
5,7	ALNOTH [* GRUTT *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
5,9	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
	KING EDWARD'S JURISDICTION. Or terram...de soca regis; see 4,16 jurisdiction note (JRM).
5,10	[* EARL *] LEOFWIN. The name Leofwin is so common that it is an almost hopeless task to identify the earl of that name if the scribe has omitted his title. Even in the Sussex heartland of the Godwinson family where Leofwins are suspiciously thick on the ground, there are few cases where a reasonably secure identification can be suggested. It is likely, for instance, that most if not all of the substantial manors held by a Leofwin in the county (SUS 11,21;68. 12,40. 13,20;38;43) had belonged to the earl; but which of them is guesswork. Only in the case of Worthing and Sompting (SUS 13,35-40), where the interdependence of holdings and the coincidence of the names of Earl Godwin, Leofwin and Tosti suggest a family holding, has an identification been accepted as reasonably secure. Outside the county, it is probable that the Leofwins at Islington (MDX 11,2) and Libury (5,10) were the earl since no other Leofwin was a lord of men in Middlesex and other men held from the earl in Libury. It is also likely that it was the earl who held the substantial manor of Rampisham in Dorset (DOR 4,1) since this devolved upon the Bishop of Bayeux who succeeded Earl Leofwin in several other counties. Finally, Count Eustace of Boulogne probably acquired his very valuable manors of Stanford and Laver (ESS 20,43;45) from the earl, these being by a very considerable margin the most valuable manors held by a Leofwin in Essex. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 200-203, who omits from his list the substantial manors held by the earl's men in Hemel Hempstead and King's Langley (15,10-11) (JP).
5,11	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
	THE VALUE IS AND WAS. For et ('and') Farley prints 7; the manuscript has & (JRM).
	JURISDICTION. See 5,9 jurisdiction note.
5,13	2 ½ HIDES. The manuscript leaves space for about 5 letters after dim' (JRM).
5,15	ORWELL [BURY]. Orwell Bury in Kelshall; see Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 159 (JRM).
5,16	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. Edeva the fair, also named Edeva the rich (SUF 1,61;63. 31,54) and Countess Edeva (SUF 4,17) in Domesday Book, was the among the dozen wealthiest lay landowners of Anglo-Saxon England, her possessions exceeded only by those of Queen Edith and Countess Gytha among female landowners. She has often been identified with Edith Swan-neck, married for some twenty years (though not in the eyes of the Church) to Earl Harold Godwinson, and mother of at least six of his children. Conclusive proof of this identification has never been found; but her beauty, her wealth, and its concentration in the area where Harold began his public career and was earl for almost a decade, make the identification probable. Her posthumous career tends to confirm this. She was the predecessor of Count Alan of Brittany who later abducted Harold's daughter Gunnhild from the nunnery at Wilton, probably, it has been argued, to secure title to his estates, which presupposes the identity of Edith and Edeva: Searle, 'Women and the succession', Anglo-Norman Studies, vol. 3 (1981), pp. 159-70; 226-29, at pp. 167-69 (JP).
		Edeva's status as a lord of men and predecessor of Count Alan of Brittany identify her on many holdings where her byname is omitted; a few others can be identified because she or her men had other holdings in the same vill, as in Reed (5,16 and 16,5-6), Wratworth and Whitwell (CAM 13,9-10. 14,42-43). The Edith of Norton (SUF 1,88-90) is shown to be a scribal error for Edeva by its dependencies at SUF 1,61-64;67-73, where Edeva the fair is named in full. The Countess Edeva of 4,17 can scarcely be anyone other than Edeva the fair; the only likely alternative, Queen Edith, presupposes scribal errors in both name and title. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 273-79, whose list omits BUK 4,1. CAM 13,8-10. ESS 4,16. HRT 5,16. SUF 3,71;84. 4,17 (JP).
	MAN. Homo, as commonly, includes 'woman'. See also 5,20 (JRM).
5,17	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
	ALNOTH [* GRUTT *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
5,18	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
	[***] HELD. Adam (5,2 Adam note) was almost certainly a Norman magnate, who did not hold before 1066; the name of the then holder has evidently been omitted (JRM).
5,19	ADAM [* SON OF HUBERT *]. See 5,2 Adam note (JP).
5,20	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
5,21	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
5,23	'ECHINGTON'. Domesday Ichetone was a manor in Layston (VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 310); Layston has now been absorbed in Buntingford (JRM). [In the Phillimore printed edition Buntingford itself was used as the identification of Ichetone, but there is no reason to think that this was an earlier name for Buntingford.]
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
5,25	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
5,26	ALNOTH [* GRUTT *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
6,1	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
7,2	LEODMER <OF BYGRAVE>. Note to be supplied (JP).
7,3	LEODMER <OF BYGRAVE>. Note to be supplied (JP).
7,4	WELWYN. 'The willows' (Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 144) identified in Domesday by spellings Wil- or Wel- followed by -ge or -ga, -we or -wes (JRM).
8	ELY ABBEY. These holdings are also described in the Inquisitio Eliensis; see {Introduction: Related or 'Satellite' Texts}, and also {Appendix} where details of the livestock, and also of the hundred representatives, are reproduced. Most of the Inquisitio Eliensis's account is identical with that of Domesday. Differences and additional information are given in the notes to HRT 8. See Inquisitio Eliensis, folio 49 b 1-2 (in Hamilton's edition b 2 is misprinted as 'a 2'); Hamilton, pp. 124-25) (JRM).
8,1	HATFIELD. In the Inquisitio Eliensis the 18 villagers are allotted 1 virgate each; the priest, ½ hide. Also, omitted in Domesday, 4 men (homines) with 4 hides, and the entry 'Adam son of Robert son of William (holds) under the abbot 2 hides'. The 18 smallholders, 12 with ½ hide, 6 others with ½ hide. The value of the mill is given as 46s 4d, but 47s 4d in Domesday. The hides listed (20 in lordship, 12 between the priest, villagers, smallholders and Adam) total 32, in contrast with the 40 answerable (JRM).
8,2	KELSHALL. The Inquisitio Eliensis records the 12 villagers, 2 with ½ hide, 10 with 5 virgates; the smallholders with 1 virgate. These holdings total 2 hides; with the 2 lordship hides they give a total of 4, in contrast with the 5 answerable (JRM).
8,3	[LITTLE] HADHAM. The abbot's holding was probably in Little Hadham, where, with 4,6, it would make 6 hides, as against 9 hides for the other Hadham holdings, 4,2 (see note), 4,7 and 4,9. The present parish of Much Hadham is about one and a half times the size of Little Hadham. The figures suggest an assessment fixed at 15 hides before Hadham was divided (JRM).
		In the Inquisitio Eliensis the 15 villagers are given, 1 with 1 virgate, 14 with ½ virgate each. But, in place of Domesday's 15 smallholders, the Inquisitio Eliensis has 7 cottagers with ½ virgate. With the lordship hides, these figures give a total of 4 hides and ½ virgate, as against the 4 hides answerable. In the Inquisitio Eliensis the word cot[arii] is an interlinear insertion, possibly in error for b[ordarii]; but, since that enquiry's figures correspond with the hidage, and are also repeated in its summary A (see below), Domesday's '15' may be an error, repeating the figure given for villagers in the line above. The Inquisitio Eliensis gives the value when acquired as £10, Domesday as £15. The Inquisitio Eliensis (the main, Cottonian, manuscript and manuscript B, but not C) here reads silva ad .c. p. ('woodland (sufficient) for 100 pigs'). The main manuscript gives 8 slaves, as against 7 in Domesday and manuscripts B, C (JRM).
		The Inquisitio Eliensis text entry concludes with the statement De toto quod habemus in tota scira Hertford l lib' ('from all that we have in the whole of Hertfordshire, £50), which agrees with its own summary and with Domesday (JRM).
		The Inquisitio Eliensis also gives two summaries, A (folio 68 a 2; Hamilton, p. 173) giving figures for each holding and a total of the whole, and B (folio 48 a 2; Hamilton, p. 122) giving the total only. The figures are given below; an asterisk marks discrepancies (JRM).

	lordship
ploughs	Men's
ploughs	Villagers	Small-
holders	slaves	
Hatfield (8,1)	3	20	18	30	6	
Kelshall (8,2)	3	6	12	9	7	
Hadham (8,3)	3†	8	15	7	7	
Total of summary A	9†	34	45	46	20	
Total of summary B	8	34	50†	55†	20	
Totals of Domesday figures	8	34	45	54†	20	

	† The 3 Hatfield lordship ploughs are evidently an error for 2, given in the text and Domesday, and implied in Summary B. Summary B's villagers total clearly includes the priest and 4 men of Hatfield. Its total for smallholders evidently follows the draft which gave 15 for Hadham, as against 7 cottagers in Inquisitio Eliensis text (in Summary A, 7 smallholders) and found its way into Domesday. '55' is probably an error for '54'. Summary B also totals 49 hides, a value of £50, and land for 53 ploughs, all of which figures agree with the texts of Inquisitio Eliensis and Domesday. The Inquisitio Eliensis also summarises Hardwin's Hertfordshire lands, see HRT 37 Hardwin note (JRM).
9,4	ALDENHAM. The boundaries of the Westminster Abbey holding are detailed Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, no. 245 [= Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 124] and discussed in Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 59; they exclude a small portion of the north of the parish (see 10,17 Aldenham note) (JRM).
	3 PLOUGHS. In the manuscript vi seems to have been corrected to iii, with [tr]es inserted above the line (JRM).
9,6	RANCH. Hardwich, a wick, or specialised farmstead, for herds (JRM).
9,9	GEOFFREY [* DE MANDEVILLE *]. Geoffrey de Mandeville, whose heirs held Ayot St Lawrence; see VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 313 (JRM).
	ALWIN [* OF GOTTON *]. Alwin [of] Gotton (10,6 Alwin note), who granted Ayot to Westminster Abbey, with King Edward's consent; see Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, no. 864 = Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs, no. 91, [pp. 356-57, 511-12 = Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 1135] (JRM).
	ABBOT OF WESTMINSTER. Abb[as] W[illelmum] regem is a possible but less likely alternative expansion of the Latin (JRM).
9,10	ASHWELL. See B11 town note (JRM).
10,1	HANSTEAD. See Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 97 (JRM).
10,4	[ST PAUL'S] WALDEN. The only Domesday Hertfordshire holding detached from its geographical hundred. Its annexation to St Albans [later Cashio] Hundred may have been the first step in the process which later attached most St Albans manors to the Abbey's hundred. But it is a mile from the old border of Sandridge in St Albans Hundred; in 1086 it may have been joined to Sandridge by a narrow corridor, now in Kimpton in Hitchin, flanking the probable course of the Baldock-Wheathamstead Roman road, which spans the gap (JRM).
		The place was named 'St Paul's' when it was granted to the see of London in 1544, after the dissolution of St Albans Abbey (JRM).
10,5	ST ALBANS ... BURGESSES. See B11 town note (JRM).
10,6	EIGHTH. Read viii[ma], 'eighth' (JRM).
	ALWIN [OF] GOTTON. Possibly but not probably Gotton in Somerset, as Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 43; or Gotten in the Isle of Wight (early forms Godetone, Godyngtone etc.; see Koekeritz, Place Names of the Isle of Wight, p. 115), in which case he might have been a near neighbour of Alstan of Boscombe (28,1 Alstan note), if Alstan came from Hampshire. But Alstan was more probably from Wiltshire, and held land in several western counties, as well as in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, whereas Alwin was local, recorded only in Hertfordshire (with one holding at Quickbury (ESS 22,4), half a mile from the Hertfordshire border at Sawbridgeworth). His principal holdings were in Stanstead and Hoddesdon, and Gotton is therefore more probably a lost place-name in that region. Goods Green in Hoddesdon (now Goose Green, TL3509); Gode in the fourteenth century (Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 229), may preserve the name. Geddings (TL3808), also in Hoddesdon (whose variant spelling Geddyngesholme suggests that it was named in or before the period of Scandinavian settlement) may also be relevant, as is Goldings in Bengeo (Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 217), since Golde and Gode occur as variant spellings of the same name (for example in HUN 19,21. 29,5) (JRM).
10,17	ALDENHAM. Perhaps the northern portion of the parish, excluded from the boundaries of the Westminster holding (see 9,4 Aldenham note), centred on the lands about the Roman villa of Netherwild (TL143012) and perhaps including the site of Radlett (first named in the fifteenth century; see Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 61) (JRM).
12,1	[1 PLOUGH THERE]. In line 3 read 7 dimid [7 ibi est i car'] et adhuc .... (JRM).
	8 FREE MEN. The only liberi homines entered in Hertfordshire Domesday. At the end of the line 3, the manuscript reads Ibi viii v; Farley omits the v, and the manuscript suggests a half-hearted attempt to delete the letter. Evidently the compiler began to write villani, from force of habit, and noticed his mistake after the first letter (JRM).
13,1	KENSWORTH. In Bedfordshire since 1897 (JRM).
	YOUNG LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. The Young Leofwin who had five holdings in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire was probably the same individual, known from a bequest to St Albans Abbey as Leofwin of Caddington. His father bequeathed land to him in three of these five vills (Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 1517). One of the other two (Kensworth) was adjacent to Caddington and the other (Beeston) lay in the same general line along the border between the two counties. It seems probable they were held by the same individual. If not, the scribe might have attempted to distinguish men of such exalted and uncommon status: no other names in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire were distinguished by the title cilt whereas the neighbouring county of Buckinghamshire was home to four (JP).
		Young Leofwin was described as a royal thane in three of the five entries which raises the possibility that others of that description might also be Leofwin of Caddington. This was certainly the case at Caddington itself, and at Meppershall. In both cases, the vill was split by the county boundary, Leofwin holding both halves of the vill, but described in Bedfordshire as Young Leofwin and in Hertfordshire simply as a royal thane (JP).
		In five of the remaining seven cases, a royal thane named Leofwin had been succeeded by Walter of Flanders who also succeeded to three other holdings of Leofwins not designated royal thanes. It is probable that these eight Leofwins were the same individual. Apart from some anonymous Freemen, all but two of Walter's 40 estates devolved upon him from a Leofwin or a Leofnoth, evidently his designated antecessores. Of these eight holdings, three lay in the adjacent vills of Libury and Munden; the remaining five were grouped closely together, five miles or less to the north-west of Meppershall, suggesting that Walter's antecessor was Leofwin of Caddington.
		Other links point in the same direction. Nigel of Aubigny, who acquired Streatley from Leofwin of Caddington, also obtained Millbrook from Godwin son of Leofwin (BDF 24,9), perhaps his son, and Stratton from Leofwin. Stratton was a vill in which a Leofwin held from Walter of Flanders (JP).
		Among the other Leofwins holding in the two counties, several had links with those discussed above. At Libury, both Walter of Flanders and Odo of Bayeux had been preceded by a Leofwin (5,10); as had Peter of Valognes in the adjacent vill of Sacombe (36,11). Peter's antecessor had been a man of Earl Harold, as was Walter's predecessor in the neighbouring vill of Munden and Ralph Tallboys' in Hunsdon (44,1). While not in any way conclusive, these links tend to reinforce each another and the identification with Leofwin of Caddington (JP).
		The remaining holdings held by the royal thane were at Barley and Bushey which have no apparent links to the remainder other than the status of the thane and their properties, both retained in demesne by the tenants-in-chief who acquired them (29,1. 33,2). The only other estates held by a Leofwin in the two counties were at Clifton and Totternhoe (BDF 8,6. 40,3) and Boarscroft and Bozen (15,8. 20,12). Clifton was surrounded by the holdings already identified and Totternhoe was just a few miles from Caddington, so both might have belonged to Leofwin of Caddington even though Leofwin at Totternhoe was Earl Waltheof's man. Moreover, as Fowler pointed out long ago (Bedfordshire in 1086, p. 105), the unidentified 'Puttanho' in the will of Leofwin of Caddington's father is a likely scribal error for Totternhoe, 'by the common mistake of p for Þ, Thotenho being a known early spelling of this name'. Bozen, on the other hand, is unlikely to have been held by him. The holding was tiny and was in the lordship of Godwin of Benfield, too demeaning for a royal thane. Finally, the holding at Boarscroft raises an intriguing possibility. Although a modest property, it had been held freely, from King Edward. In 1086 it was still held by Leofwin, but 'at a revenue' from the tenant-in-chief who superseded him. Was this another example of an Anglo-Saxon magnate clinging precariously to a fragment of his previous estate? Fowler thought so (Bedfordshire in 1086, p. 105 note p) (JP).
		Outside Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, there are only two other occurrences of a royal thane named Leofwin, at Ingham in Suffolk (SUF 8,32) and Ravenstone in Buckinghamshire (14,42). There are no tenurial or other links with the Suffolk holding, over 70 miles away. Ravenstone, however, was within 20 miles of other Caddington holdings; and given the limited distribution of royal thanes named Leofwin, and the absence of other holdings which might plausibly be attributed to this royal thane in Buckinghamshire, it is perhaps more likely than not that this is also Leofwin of Caddington (JP).
		Young Leofwins occur in four other counties: Essex, Suffolk, Shropshire and Derbyshire. Stenton was of the opinion that the title cilt was 'unlikely to have been applied to two different persons of the same name' and identified Young Leofwin in Derbyshire (DBY 6,29. 16,1) as Leofwin of Caddington on that basis (VCH Derbyshire, i. 322), despite the remoteness and insignificance of the Derbyshire holdings. As there are no links other than the title cilt between Leofwin of Caddington and the Young Leofwins of other counties, there is unfortunately no way of testing this; but the fact that Leofwin was a common name, taken together with concentrated nature of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire holdings compared to the dispersal of the remainder, makes the identification less rather than more likely (JP).
13,2	CADDINGTON. In Bedfordshire since 1897 (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
13,5	13 PLOUGHS. Farley and manuscript xiii; a fault in the Ordnance Survey facsimile shows xii and misled VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 317, causing J.H. Round's mistaken note to the translation (JRM).
14,1	MEADOW FOR 4 PLOUGHS. Accidentally duplicated in the manuscript (JRM).
15,1	BOROUGH OF THIS TOWN. The word burbium is otherwise unknown, and is probably a botched version of suburbium, used of Hertford (B11 town note). The form might be influenced by late eleventh-century continental burban (Ducange, Glossarium), for burgi bannum (bannum leugae, French banlieu, 'suburb') (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
15,2	SHENLEY. In the southern portion of 'Danish' Hundred, not in Tring Hundred. In the Count of Mortain's chapter the hundred headings are omitted, but the wording indicates their position. Throughout Hertfordshire, the normal arrangement is to list first within each hundred the places held by the landholder himself, those held by his men thereafter. The words Ipse comes, at the beginning (15,3) of Aldbury, in Tring Hundred, suggest that it was in a different hundred from Shenley, and that a hundred heading has therefore also been omitted before Shenley. Berkhamsted is entered first, since it was the count's principal Hertfordshire manor, and the site of his castle. Shenley follows, as the only detached portion of his otherwise contiguous holding. After Aldbury come the manors of his men in Tring Hundred, to 15,9; Hemel Hempstead (15,10, see 15,10 hundred note), with Ipse comes, begins the manors in the northern part of 'Danish' Hundred. It is therefore probable that 'Danish' (south) Hundred should also have been entered before Shenley. It is however possible that the entry refers to Shenley in Buckinghamshire (BUK 13,2-3), mistakenly included in the Hertfordshire list, since it adjoins the count's holding of Loughton (BUK 12,32), and, like the Shenley here entered, was held by one of King Edward's guards before 1066. Such misplacements, remote from the county boundary, occasionally occur elsewhere, and are especially frequent in Northamptonshire (JRM).
	100 [PIGS AND ***]s. An omission, silva c [porc' et ii] sol', is more probable than sol' written in error for porc' as VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 299 (JRM).
	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
15,3	MEADOW ½ HIDE. hid' is possibly an error for car', (as suggested by Round in VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 299), with perhaps a figure missing, the normal Hertfordshire measurement; but hidage of meadows sometimes occurs, for example in CAM 5,2, where the wording dim' hid' prati is confirmed both by the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and the Inquistio Eliensis (JRM).
15,4	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. A notable priest, founder of St Martin-le-Grand in London, see Round, Commune of London, pp. 28-38. He was the former holder of Tring (17,1) (JRM).
		Engelric the priest was the predecessor of Count Eustace of Boulogne in Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk, named 'the priest' in the Feudal Book of Abbot Baldwin, p 8. His holdings on other fiefs can be identified either because there is an association with Count Eustace (15,4-6;9. 39,1 and ESS 1,24;27. 17,2), because of his relationship to St Martin's (6,1), or because of his involvement with Abbot Baldwin (SUF 14,39;101. 39,3). The only other occurrence of the name Engelric in Domesday Book is that of the pre-Conquest holder of the handsome manor of Newnham Murren (OXF 35,11). It is difficult to believe that this was the only manor held by this man; but, if not, he was perforce Engelric the priest. Unfortunately, there are no tenurial or other links which can confirm this but it seems more likely than not. See Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 307-308, who does assign Newnham to Engelric the priest; his list, of course, does not include the many references to Engelric's post-Conquest holdings and plunderings (JP).
	7 HIDES. Those of 15,4-6;9 and 39,1, bordering on Tring, held by Count Eustace, (17,1), taken from it by the Count of Mortain (JRM).
15,5	HUMPHREY <OF WIGGINGTON>. The distribution of unidentified tenants named Humphrey is skewed in the extreme. In Great Domesday only five tenants-in-chief subinfeudated more than a single holding to a tenant of that name who cannot plausibly be identified from documentary sources: the Bishop of Coutances (2), Odo of Bayeux (2), the Bishop of London (2), William son of Stur (3), and the Count of Mortain (23). The Count of Mortain evidently did not have 23 tenants named Humphrey and may have had only one. The distribution of the Mortain tenants makes this a probability. In three counties - Buckingham, Cornwall, and Northamptonshire - all Humphreys were Mortain tenants; and in the remaining four counties with Mortain tenants named Humphrey, their distribution was distinct from that of other tenants of the same name. See also Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 276 (JP)
	BRICTRIC <OF WADDESDON>. Although his lands devolved upon eight or nine tenants-in-chief, they can be reconstructed from his distinctive description as a thane of Queen Edith, some of whose manors devolved upon the Count of Mortain, Robert d'Oilly, Miles Crispin, Hugh of Bolbec and Osbern son of Richard. Other links between the Brictrics on these fiefs are provided by holdings by more than one of them in the vills of Beachendon, Chesham, Littlecote, Marston and Wingrave, links which identify Brictric as a predecessor of Odo of Bayeux, Turstin Mantle and William son of Ansculf in Buckinghamshire. The only other Brictric in that county was at Helsthorpe (BUK 43,4), a couple of miles from Wingrave and Horton, almost certainly the same man since he was an overlord and no other Brictric will fit this description. In Bedfordshire, too, the only unidentified Brictric was probably Brictric of Waddesdon since he was also a lord of men and his holding at Milton Ernest was close to the two of Brictric of Waddesdon at Clapham and Thurleigh. Brictric was the greatest landowner in Buckinghamshire before the Conquest, with large manors at Waddesdon and Marsworth and holdings valued at almost £90 out of a total of a little over £100 for all counties, his 'men' having a further £22 between them, £19 of this in Buckinghamshire. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 262-64, whose list does not include one Chesham holding, or Kimble, Stewkely and Whaddon (JP).
	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
	OSWULF [* SON OF FRANI *]. Oswulf son of Frani was Robert's predecessor in all his estates in Bedfordshire (BDF 26) and Hertfordshire (HRT 21); an Oswulf son of Frani, a royal thane, preceded him in BUK 18,2, and Oswulf, a royal thane, in BUK 18,3. It is thus likely that his other predecessors named Oswulf in Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire are the same individual, particularly as there are only six other unidentified Oswulfs in these five counties. Of these six, moreover, two were predecessors of the Count of Mortain who had succeeded the son of Frani on another estate, and two others were in vills adjacent to the holdings of the son of Frani. Only the two manors acquired by Miles Crispin (BUK 23,24-25) appear to have no links to the holdings of the son of Frani. Frani himself might be Frani of Rockingham (Northamptonshire); see NTH 5,1 Langton note. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 331-32 (JP).
15,6	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
15,7	OSWULF SON OF FRANI. See 15,5 Oswulf note (JP).
15,8	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
15,9	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
15,10	[IN 'DANISH' HUNDRED ?]. Tring Hundred (5,1 Tring note) is not mentioned after Domesday, and was absorbed by 'Danish' Hundred (5,2 'Danish' note). It was not a private jurisdiction of the count's, comparable with the ecclesiastical hundreds of some major monasteries, since it is specifically named under the other landholders (5,1. 21,1. 39,1) and Tring itself was not held by the count. Its internal boundary is uncertain, because the count's fief omits hundred headings. The list includes Redbourn, which is placed in 'Danish' (North) Hundred in three other entries (6,1. 10,10;14). Langley and Gaddesden were also in 'Danish' Hundred (10,9. 32,1), and it is not probable that the count's holdings in these places, in both cases the smaller portion, were in a different hundred from the larger portion. Since these places surround Hemel Hempstead (with Bovingdon) on three sides and the wording ipse comes suggests a new hundred (see 15,2 Shenley note), it is likely that the missing hundred heading should be placed before Hemel Hempstead. The eastern border of Tring Hundred was therefore probably the border of Great Berkhamsted (with Nettleden), which follows the well-marked natural features of Ashridge and the bottom of the valley that leads to Bourne End and the county boundary (JRM).
	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
15,11	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
15,12	HUMPHREY <OF WIGGINGTON>. See 15,5 Humphrey note (JP).
	EDMER ATOR. The commoner spelling; see MDX 8,6 Ator note (JRM).
16,1	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
	ANSKETIL OF ROTS. See 2,1 Ansketil note (JP).
16,2	MUNDEN. With 7 ½ hides and [1] virgate probably Great Munden; 5 hides and 1 virgate for (Little?) Munden (30,1) giving 13 hides in all (JRM).
	EARL RALPH. Of Norfolk, who rebelled in 1075. He was quickly defeated, and escaped to Brittany, losing all his possessions in England (JRM).
	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,3	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,4	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,5	HARDWIN [* OF SCALES *]. Hardwin of Scales (JRM).
	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,6	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,7	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,8	'LANGPORT'. JRM in the Phillimore printed edition identified Domesday Langeport with Hare Street, citing Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 179.
16,9	LAND FOR 33 [[23 ?]] PLOUGHS. The ploughs listed total 23; there is probably a transcription error (JRM).
	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,10	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
	BEFORE 1066. T.R.R., Farley. The manuscript has T.R.E. confused by a stroke comparable with that in 16,11 (JRM)
16,11	EDEVA [* THE FAIR *]. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
16,12	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
17,1	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
	OSWULF SON OF FRANI. See 15,5 Oswulf note (JP).
	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
17,2	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
17,3	[IN 'EDWINSTREE' HUNDRED]. Anstey is in 'Edwinstree' Hundred, well removed from the border of Odsey Hundred. The hundred heading, apparently an insertion, is placed where there is room, at the end of the entry, as in 23,3, instead of at the beginning where however no space was available (JRM).
	THANE. Homo ('man') in 17,2;4. 8,9 (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
17,4	ROBERT [* SON OF ROSCELIN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	[* EARL *] HAROLD. The name Harold is one of the most common in Domesday Book, occurring over 700 times; but it probably represents fewer than 20 individuals, of whom Earl Harold Godwinson is overwhelmingly the most significant, Harold son of Earl Ralph of Hereford being the only other individual of any consequence. In a large number of cases, unfortunately, the scribe has not given Harold his title. In Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk, for instance, he is described as earl only once in each county (ESS B3k. NFK 3,2. SUF 68,1) though he undoubtedly held a large number of estates in all three, possibly all but two of those recorded in the three counties. However, there are surprisingly few cases where there is real cause for uncertainty about identifying the earl: the royal estates, the larger manors, the lordship over men, his territorial predominance in some areas, association with members of his family, and relationships between estates, serve to distinguish him in the majority of cases; but see BUK 17,22 Harold note. Ann Williams, 'Land and power', Anglo-Norman Studies, vol. 3 (1981), pp. 171-87, 230-34, discusses Harold's estates and those of his men; and Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 164-91, lists them. Clarke tends to omit the dependencies where Harold is not explicitly named, or holdings named only in satellite texts (CON 4,2. KEN 2,5;41;43). He has also omitted the following: BUK 3a,5. 26,11. 30,1. CHS 8,41. ESS 1,23. HEF 1,56. 17,2. HRT 1,15. 5,5. HUN 13,1-3. NFK 8,33. 9,178; 233. 20,8;19;24;31. 21,16;22;33-34. 22,2-8. 26,3. NTT 3,1-3. OXF 58,30. SUF 1,119. 36,3;5-7;15. 38,21. 39,17. 67,12;17. 76,6;20;23. SUR 26,1. WIL 18,2. 41,1; and the entries for GLS 30,1 and 50,3 have been confused (JP).
	GODE <OF WOOLLEY>. See 34,4 Gode note (JRM).
17,6	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
17,7	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
17,8	BERKESDEN. See Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 171. The Ordnance Survey 2 ½ inch map has 'Berkesdon', wrongly (JRM).
	ROBERT [* SON OF ROSCELIN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
17,9	ROBERT [* SON OF ROSCELIN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
17,10	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER [* THE CONSTABLE *]. The name Esger occurs on over 130 holdings but may represent only six individuals. Of these, by far the most important was Esger the constable, predecessor of Geoffrey de Mandeville on the bulk of his holdings. So pronounced was the descent of Esger's holdings to Geoffrey that one way the Domesday scribe had of casting doubt on the legality of Geoffrey's tenure of any property was to state 'it was not of Esger's Holding' or words to that effect (ESS 30,2. SUF 32,1. SUR 25,1;3). Where not explicitly identified as the constable, therefore, Geoffrey's succession to the holdings of an Esger, or frequently of his men, plausibly identifies Esger as the constable. On two other holdings where Esger is not explicitly identified as the constable, his man is identified elsewhere as a man of the constable (17,10. 33,13;18-19), or another of his men held land in the vill concerned (CAM 22,8. 32,16), making the identification more likely than not, particularly as no other Esger can be identified as a lord of other men. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 243-49, who omits holdings at CAM 32,11. ESS 90,28. NTH 45,8 and SUF 32,4-5 (JP).
17,11	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
17,12	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
17,13	COCKHAMSTEAD. On the border between 'Edwinstree' Hundred and Braughing Hundred, in later records in Braughing Hundred. A hundred heading is omitted before 17,14, since Hoddesdon could never have been in 'Edwinstree' Hundred, and confusion with Hunsdon (44,1 Hunsdon note) is excluded by an Inspeximus (Pat. 1 H 6 p 3 m 4; cited in Monasticon Anglicanum, viii. pp. 1324-25 [= Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, i. no. 181 pp. 594-601] confirming William I's grants to St Martin-le-Grand [in London], including in Hoddesdona unam hidam . The placing of both Bozen (17,12, also on the hundred border and later in Braughing Hundred) and Cockhamstead, held by the count himself, after his men's holdings, would suggest the beginning of a new hundred, Braughing Hundred. But Braughing Hundred is entered after Hoddesdon, and it is therefore probable that 17,12-15 were an addendum, placed at the end of the count's manors in 'Edwinstree' Hundred (JRM).
	GOTI <OF STAMBOURNE>. Goti is named in Domesday Book as a thane or Guard of Earl Harold holding substantial properties in Essex, Hertfordshire and Middlesex. In Suffolk, the thane of Earl Harold who held the valuable manor of Freckenham (SUF 20,1) has been identified as the same man, though erroneously named Orthi by the scribe: Fleming, Kings and Lords, p. 86, note 139. Of the remaining holdings, the valuable manor of Hutton (ESS 13,1) lay in the same Hundred as one of Gotis holdings acquired by Haimo the steward; and another valuable manor, Nettlestead (SUF 3,56), had like Freckenham passed through the hands of Earl Ralph Wader. In view of these links and the rarity of the name Goti, it is likely both manors had belonged to Earl Harold's thane also. The two remaining holdings held by men named Goti in East Anglia, however, were low status properties unlikely to have been his. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 308-309, whose list omits Nettlestead (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
17,14	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
17,15	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
18,1	GODE <OF WOOLLEY>. See 34,4 Gode note (JRM).
19,1	'TISCOTT'. A deserted village, no longer marked on Ordnance Survey maps (JRM).
	3 ½ VILLAGERS. The meaning is not known. Here, as also in, for example, Cambridgeshire (CAM 7,9: Burwell, 42 ½ villagers), it might mean that half the land or obligations of one villager lay elsewhere. The wording, and probably the meaning differ from the west country distinction between 'full' (plenarii or integri) and 'half' (dimidii) villani, where the two groups are separately listed (for example in SHR 2,2, Onibury, iiii villani integri et vi dimidii). The west country meaning is also not known, but there the wording consistently implies a category of inferior status (JRM). [See SHR 2,2 half note.]
	BRICTRIC <OF WADDESDON>. See 15,5 Brictric note (JP).
	OSWULF SON OF FRANI. See 15,5 Oswulf note (JP).
19,2	POLEHANGER. In Bedfordshire (JRM).
20,1	ALWARD [* OF MARDLEY *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,2	MARGINAL A. The marginal letter A is placed against a disputed holding; it therefore stands for a relevant word, perhaps some verbal form of adjudicatio or arbitratio, indicating a decision to be taken (JRM).
	AYOT [ST PETER]. Ayot St Peter was held by Robert Gernon's heirs; see VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 323 (JRM).
	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,3	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,4	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	AELFRIC [[ALMER ?]] OF BENNINGTON. The manuscript has Aluric homo Aluric, with belinton inserted above the second name. Almer of Bennington is mentioned in a score of Hertfordshire entries; and probably intended here, since Chells faces Bennington, on the opposite bank of the River Beane (JRM). [An Aelfric, Almer of Bennington's man, had held land in Flexmore (36,17).]
20,5	'WOOLWICKS'. In Stevenage; see Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 140 (JRM).
	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,6	WYMONDLEY. Probably Little Wymondley, apparently held by Robert's heirs: VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 323 (JRM).
	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,7	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	GODWIN OF SOULBURY. Soulbury is in Buckinghamshire (SP8827) between Bletchley and Leighton Buzzard (JRM).
20,9	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,10	HYDE HALL. So renamed in the sixteenth century; see Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 165 (JRM).
	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	VALUE 6s 8d. So the manuscript and Farley; a smudged dot after vi in the Ordnance Survey facsimile gives the appearance of vii sol', and misled VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 324 (JRM).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
20,11	"SAPEHAM". Unidentified. But fifteenth-century and sixteenth-century spellings of Sawbridgeworth (Saebrict's Wort: Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 194) include Sabbisford, Sapsworth. It is possible that Domesday Sapeham gives an earlier contraction of the same name, and that the place might have been a part of the same original settlement, therefore perhaps is to be sought in or about Much Hadham in 'Edwinstree' Hundred, whose lands border on Sawbridgeworth (JRM)
	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
20,12	WILLIAM [* OF LETCHWORTH *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
20,13	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
21,1	14 HIDES ALWAYS. Here, as sometimes in other counties, see, for example, Hampshire, the text distinguishes between real hides and fiscal hides, upon which tax was assessed. In this instance, the figures for real hides and for the assessment before 1066 coincide; elsewhere they sometimes differ (JRM).
	OSWULF SON OF FRANI. See 15,5 Oswulf note (JP).
21,2	BARWYTHE. Later transferred to Bedfordshire (JRM).
	BALDRIC <OF STUDHAM>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	OSWULF SON OF FRANI. See 15,5 Oswulf note (JP).
22,2	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP)
23,1	"HAINSTONE". Unidentified; also so spelt in 33,8. It may be a variant of Hinxworth (Hainsteworde in 28,7. 36,15; Haingesteworde in 37,10). Ashwell and Hainstone holdings are named together in 33,7-8, with the same holders before 1066 and also in 1086. Hinxworth was an outlier of Ashwell in 36,15, also with the same holders both before 1066 and in 1086. In 37,10 Hinxworth also follows Ashwell, with the same 1086 holder, but different 1066 holders; but one of these Hinxworth holders before 1066 was a man of Archbishop Stigand's, as was the holder of Hainstone in 23,1 (JRM).
	LEODMER <OF BYGRAVE>. The manuscript has Lemar; Leofmer is a possible alternative (JRM). [A Ledmaer, Archbishop Stigand's man, had held Broadfield (7,3), suggesting that Lemar here, in 7,2 and in 23,2, represents Old English Leodmær: von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 310. The Alecto edition has Leodmær.]
23,2	[1 PLOUGH THERE]. The manuscript omits 7 ibi est i car', probably by accident (JRM).
	LEODMER <OF BYGRAVE>. See 23,1 Leodmer note (JRM).
23,3	[IN THE HALF-HUNDRED OF HITCHIN]. The hundred heading is added at the end of the section, presumably because it had been accidentally omitted at the beginning; see 17,3 (JRM).
23,4	AMWELL. The entry in ESS 1,3 for Hatfield Broad Oak (TL5416), whose lands bordered on Sawbridgeworth in Hertfordshire, held by Earl Harold before 1066, includes the statement 'attached to this manor before 1066 were three outliers in Hertfordshire, Hertford, Amwell and Hoddesdon, which Ralph of Limésy now holds ... value of the three outliers then £12.' (JRM)
		Since Ralph's Amwell holding alone was valued at £18 before 1066, the outliers attached to Hatfield Broad Oak in Harold's time can only have included a portion of Amwell, and of the other places. Ralph held some land at Hertford, since soon after 1086 he founded Hertford Priory and gave it 'one good hide of land at Hertford,' together with lands elsewhere (grant cited in Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. p. 300 no. 1); since he acquired Earl Harold's Hertford outlier, his holding was evidently all or part of the land of Earl Harold's burgesses (B6), probably including the 24 acres 'which Ilbert took from Hertford and placed in Hailey' (see 34,13 Hertford note) which Ralph claimed. Ralph also claimed from Hailey woodland 'which belongs to 3 hides of Amwell', also transferred by Ilbert, formerly held by one of Earl Harold's men. Since Hailey adjoins Hoddesdon and Hertford Heath, these three hides may be the outlier described in the Essex return as Hoddesdon. The Amwell outlier might be Little Amwell. But since Little Amwell formed part of the parish of All Saints, Hertford, until 1864, alternative localisations of Earl Harold's outliers are possible. See also 33,13 (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
24,1	EARL GYRTH. See 37,19 Gyrth note (JP).
24,2	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
24,3	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
25,2	17 HIDES AND ½ VIRGATE. The details appear to total 18 hides and ½ virgate (JRM).
	7 BURGESSES. See B11 town note (JRM).
	[10 HIDES AND ½ VIRGATE]. The '11th hide' implies the omission, after maritagio, of x hid' et dim virg' (JRM).
	WITH HIS NIECE. 'Grand-daughter' is also grammatically possible (JRM).
	11TH HIDE. See 44,1 (JRM)
	[1]4 FREEMEN. [x]iiii, since they include 10 and 4 listed thereafter (JRM).
	ESKIL [* OF WARE *]. A substantial pre-Conquest landowner in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, identified by Round, VCH Hertfordshire, pp. 276, 284; Clarke, English nobility, pp. 251-52; and Abels, 'Introduction', Alecto Bedfordshire, pp. 35-36. See also BDF 23,38 Eskil note (JP).
26,1	WARE. Hugh of Grandmesnil acquired this estate by exchange: Domesday says of the Bedfordshire estates of Goldington (BDF 23,7;41-43), Salph (BDF 23,16) and Cople (BDF 23,49-55), lands which were held by Hugh of Beauchamp in 1086, that Ralph Tallboys 'had this land [or so many hides and virgates of it] in exchange for Ware'. In some cases the complete holding was not transferred. The exchange was presumably made between Ralph Tallboys, who is recorded as the predecessor of Hugh of Beauchamp in BDF 17,2 (and see BDF 23,7 Ware note), and Hugh of Grandmesnil.
	[A FURTHER 5 ½ PLOUGHS POSSIBLE]. The details suggest that 7 adhuc v car' 7 dim' possunt fieri was omitted (JRM).
	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
	EARL GYRTH. See 37,19 Gyrth note (JP).
27,1	1 MILL. The figure is inserted into the manuscript, and is unclear. It probably intends 7 i. molin' ('and 1 mill'), but might possibly be read as 7 ii molin' ('and 2 mills') (JRM).
28,1	PETER [* OF VALOGNES *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. Possibly Boscombe in Bournemouth, Hampshire, but more probably Boscombe in Wiltshire (SU2038), 8 miles north-east of Salisbury. Alstan was a substantial landholder, with land in Gloucestershire and Somerset, as well as in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire; in Wiltshire (WIL 32,2) he held 'thaneland' of the Church of Salisbury at Littleton Pannell, 4 miles south of Devizes and 15 miles north-west of Boscombe (JRM).
		See BDF 18,2 Alstan note for further detail (JP).
28,2	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. See 28,1 Alstan note.
28,3	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. See 28,1 Alstan note.
28,4	ALSTAN ^[OF BOSCOMBE]^. See 28,1 Alstan note .
28,5	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. See 28,1 Alstan note.
28,6	ALSTAN [* OF BOSCOMBE *]. See 28,1 Alstan note.
28,7	HINXWORTH. Hainsteuuorde in the manuscript; Farley misprints Hamsteuuorde (JRM).
	½ VIRGATE. The details of before 1066 make 2 hides 1 ½ virgates; the text should perhaps be amended to ii hid' 7 i virg' 7 dim', but the sheriff's dues better match 2 hides and ½ virgate; see 28,7 dues note (JRM).
	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. See 28,1 Alstan note.
	DUES. 8 ½ d, as elsewhere in Domesday Hertfordshire, probably represents payment in lieu of avera ('cartage'), at 4d a hide, or 1d a virgate. It should therefore correspond to 2 hides and ½ virgate; it is however possible that the virgate of Alstan's man was exempt from avera (JRM).
28,8	ALSTAN OF BOSCOMBE. See 28,1 Alstan note.
29,1	9 VILLAGERS. viiii, with [no]ue[m] interlined above it, corrected from viii. 'Nine' is more commonly written ix in Domesday (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
30,1	MUNDEN. Probably Little Munden, see 16,2 Munden note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
30,2	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
30,3	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31	EUDO SON OF HUBERT. Eudo, the king's steward (JRM).
31,1	HUMPHREY [* OF ANNEVILLE *]. Humphrey of Anneville, who also held from Eudo in Cambridgeshire; he may or may not be identical with the Humphrey who held from other Hertfordshire landholders (JRM).
		His identify here is established by B5, which records that Humphrey of Anneville held a garden under Eudo (JP).
	ESKIL [* OF WARE *]. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
	5d. The commutation was assessed on the land, at more than 1 avera, though the single avera was due if the cart was actually provided (JRM).
31,4	NEWSELLS. The entry duplicates Aldred's holding in 31,7 (JRM).
31,6	RICHARD OF SACKVILLE. JRM rendered Domesday sachanuilla as Sackville, the modern surname, but referred in his note to Tengvik, Old English Bynames, pp. 111-12, who preferred Sacquenville (in the French département of Eure, arrondissement Evreux, [canton Evreux-Nord]) to Secqueville-en-Bassin (in the French département of Calvados: arrondissement Caen, [canton Creully]) on phonological grounds. There is no doubt that the Domesday forms of the name (de Sachanuilla here and de Sacheuilla in ESS 20,8, assuming a missed nunnation mark over the -e- in the latter) point to Sacquenville, early forms of which are Sachenvilla (c.1060) Sachenville (1195), Sakenvilla (c. 1210). The identification with Secqueville-en-Bessin (Round in VCH Essex, i. p. 379; Round, 'The Essex Sackvilles'; p. 218; Loyd, Some Anglo-Norman Families, p. 88) depends on the fact that Secqueville is 7 miles from Ryes (in the French département of Calvados, arrondissement Bayeux), the place of origin of Eudo the steward from whom Richard holds here. However, this Richard is presumably the same as the man who holds from Count Eustace in Essex. Eustace was Count of Boulogne far away in the Artois, now the French département of Pas-de-Calais. There is no evidence that Richard was a follower of either man on the continent. Moreover, the early forms of Secqueville are Sicca Villa (1077), Sechevilla (1155), Secqueville (1127); these are Latin sicca villa ('dry estate'), modern French 'ville sèche'; they are not compatible with Domesday's de Sacha(n)uilla. Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 361, has Richard originate from 'Sauqueville-en-Besin, Calvados, arr[ondissement] Caen, cant[on] Creully', but this is confusing since there is no Sauqueville-en-Besin, only Secqueville-en-Bessin. There is a Sauqueville in the French département of Seine-Maritime (arrondissement Dieppe, canton Offranville) from which Round, Peerage and Pedigree, i. p. 287, and Loyd, Some Anglo-Norman Families, p. 88, derived the Sackvilles who were the later earls of Dorset. The family of the Sackvilles of Essex probably descended from the present Richard and the form Sackevilla (1220) for Sacquenville shows the name in a transitional state; see Dauzat and Rostaing, Dictionnaire des Noms de Lieux en France, under Sacquenville, Sécheval; Reaney, Dictionary of British Surnames, under Sackville.
31,7	21 SLAVES. xxi servus; singular after twenty-one is normal (JRM).
	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
	1d A YEAR. A letter ū placed above the figure i probably means unum (JRM).
31,8	HUMPHREY [* OF ANNEVILLE *]. Humphrey of Anneville; see 31,1 Humphrey note (JRM).
	HOLDS ½ HIDE. [***]. A short space is left in the manuscript, perhaps for the missing place name (JRM).
32,1	ONE OF THEM ANSWERS IN TRING HUNDRED. Possibly Nettleden, adjoining Berkhamsted (JRM).
	SHOULD BE ASSESSED. This corrects the 'is assessed' of the Phillimore printed translation.
	WULFWYNN [* OF CRESLOW *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
32,2	GODE <OF WOOLLEY>. See 34,4 Gode note (JRM).
33,1	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,2	MILLS. There is a gap in the manuscript between ii and molin' (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
33,3	ESGER [* THE CONSTABLE *]. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,5	THORKIL [* OF DIGSWELL *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,6	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,7	GERMUND [* OF SAINT-OUEN *]. Germund of Saint-Ouen; see {Appendix} [under Odsey Hundred]. (JRM)
	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,8	"HAINSTONE". See 23,1 "Hainstone" note (JRM).
	GERMUND [* OF SAINT-OUEN *]. See 33,7 Germund note (JRM).
	VALUE...3s. In the manuscript iii sol' is perhaps an error for iii lib' (£3) (JRM).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,9	[HE HAS] 3 PLOUGHSHARES. Reckoned among dues elsewhere; here accusative, with no subject or verb preceding; habet ('he has') is to be understood (JRM).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,10	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,11	40[s]. The manuscript has val [uit] ... xl soch [emannos] ('Value 40 Freemen'), in error for xl sol' (40s) (JRM).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,12	'STETCHWORTH'. Unidentified. There is a village with the same Domesday spelling, now Stetchworth (TL6458) in Cambridgeshire, three miles south of Newmarket. In 1086 it was divided between Ely Abbey, Hardwin of Scales, and Count Alan. No part of it is included in Geoffrey's Cambridgeshire holdings, but the recorded hides, less those 'taken away', total nine, one short of a 10-hide unit. It is possible that Geoffrey's one hide refers to Cambridgeshire, and was accidentally included in his Hertfordshire return (see 15,2 Shenley note); but there may have been a place of the same name, now lost, in Hertford Hundred (JRM).
	GERMUND [* OF SAINT-OUEN *]. See 33,7 Germund note.
		Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,13	HODDESDON. See 23,4 Amwell note (JRM).
	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,14	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,15	HUARD [* OF NOYERS *]. Probably identical with Huart de Noderes (probably from Noyers in Calvados; see Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 103). See {Appendix} [under 'Edwinstree' Hundred] (JRM).
	THORKIL [* OF DIGSWELL *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,16	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,17	SAWBRIDGEWORTH. The details of the holdings appear to total 30 ½ hides and 23 acres, in contrast with the total, given as 24 ½ hides. Sizes of local holdings are given for Hertfordshire here, and in the Inquisitio Eliensis version of Ely holdings; see HRT 8 Ely note. This small sample, of about 260 persons, gives very similar averages to those of Middlesex (see MDX {Appendix}); the Hertfordshire averages, with the Middlesex averages given in brackets, are, in acres, villagers 21 (30); smallholders 7 (7 ½ ); cottagers with land l ½ (1). Four 'men', two priests and a reeve held a hide or a half-hide each. 'Their payments' refers to pasture and woodland (JRM).
	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,18	5 VILLAGERS, WITH A MAN-AT-ARMS. Read Ibi v villani cum quodam milite (JRM).
	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
33,19	GODGYTH <OF THORLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
33,20	ESGER ^[THE CONSTABLE]^. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
34,1	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
34,4	GODE <OF WOOLLEY> AND HER SON. The name Gode, Goda can be either male or female. Joint holdings by a widow and her son (for example, 36,19) are more probable than by a father and son. In Huntingdonshire Gode and her son Wulfric (HUN 19,21; spelt Golde in HUN 29,5) held 3 ½ hides at Woolley before 1066, and retained 3 of them in 1086. [See HUN 19,21 Gode note.] Gode kept none of her 7 hides and 33 acres in Hertfordshire. Three of these holdings she held from Queen Edith, and she is therefore probably also identical with Gode, King Edward's 'man', in 17,4. She was probably not the same woman as Godgyth, who was consistently Asgar the Constable's 'man' in Hertfordshire, but might possibly be identical, since a Hertfordshire Wulfric was also Asgar's man (33,8) (JRM).
	[* WULFRIC *]. See 34,4 Gode note (JP).
34,5	LANGLEY. In Broadwater Hundred, on the borders of Hitchin Half-Hundred, to which it was later transferred. The Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 17, wrongly attributes all Domesday Langelei spellings to Kings Langley and Abbots Langley (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
34,7	WILLIAN. Wilie in Broadwater Hundred (Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 147) is distinct from Welei (Wain in Hitchin Half-Hundred: Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 14), and from Welle (Wellbury in Hitchin Half-Hundred: Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 20), as also from Wilge etc. which is Welwyn; see 7,4 Welwyn note (JRM).
	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
34,8	'RODHANGER'. Its bounds are given in Napier and Stevenson, Crawford Charters, no. 11, pp. 24-27 [= Early Charters of the Thames Valley, pp. 88-89 no. 177 = Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 916]. It lay between Norton and the 'Street', the Roman road, either northward or westward from the then deserted site of Baldock, see 42,13. The words of the charter bounds, aet Bradan waetere of smethan hleawe, might be understood as 'At (the boundary of) Broadwater (Hundred), from the smooth mound (? barrow)'. The place lay on the border between Broadwater Hundred and Odsey Hundred (JRM).
34,9	FROM GEOFFREY. A Farley misprint omits de ('from') (JRM).
	"WIGAR". It is not certain what name is represented by the Domesday form Wigar here and in 34,10 and 37,7, the last a 1086 tenant of Hardwin of Scales. See von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 413. It has therefore been decided for the present edition to keep to the Domesday form. The Phillimore printed translation has Withgar. The Alecto edition has Wigar.
34,10	"WIGAR". See 34,9 "Wigar" note.
34,11	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
34,12	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	^[EARL]^ HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
34,13	WULFWIN [* OF EASTWICK *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	HERTFORD. For the translation, see quas sumpsit comes Morit' de Tredung' (15,6 etc.). 'Ilbert of Hertford' (as 1,11; also CAM 33,10) is a possible alternative (JRM).
34,16	ELAF <OF BENGEO>. Elaf is an uncommon name, occurring on nine holdings in seven counties, all but one of them held from different tenants-in-chief. Although he had no discernible connections with other Elafs, the royal thane who held this handsome manor before the Conquest might well be the same individual as his Gloucestershire namesake, another substantial landowner: two such, with an uncommon name, would be surprising; see also GLS 26,2 Elaf note (JP).
34,23	GEOFFREY [* OF 'RUNEVILLE' *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
34,24	WULFWIN [* OF EASTWICK *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
35,1	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
35,2	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
35,3	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
	EARL RALPH. See 16,2 Ralph note (JRM).
36	PETER OF VALOGNES. Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1086 (JRM).
36,2	ALMER [* OF BENNINGTON *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
36,3	"LEMAR". In the printed Phillimore edition this name was rendered Ledmer. As von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 309, was unsure as to whether the Domesday form Lemar' represented Old English Leofmær or Old English Leodmær, and left his headword as Lemar, it has been thought safest for the present edition to keep to the Domesday form. The Alecto edition has Lemar. This is the only occurrence of this name-form in Domesday Hertfordshire.
36,4	ALWIN DOD[SON]. See 42,6 (JRM).
36,6	HIS OWN PLOUGHS. Included in the estimate for 36,7 (JRM).
36,8	LEOFRUN ... MAN ... SHE. Homo here includes 'woman' (JRM).
36,9	VALUE OF THIS LAND 2s BEFORE 1066. Possibly 'Value of this land 2s; before 1066 [....]'. At the beginning of the next line, the -n- of tenuit is stretched in an extraordinary manner, to cover the space of three or four normal letters (JRM).
36,10	ALMER [* OF BENNINGTON *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
36,11	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	THESE FOUR ... MEN. The manuscript has Ipsi; Farley misprints Ipse (JRM).
	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
36,15	ALMER [* OF BENNINGTON *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
36,17	FLEXMORE. A field in Kings Walden preserves the name: Place-names of Hertfordshire, p. 23 (JRM).
36,19	HEALFDENE [* OF TEWIN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	RICHARD. King William's second son, killed in youth in a hunting accident in the New Forest about 1081, when he was riding hard and was swept from his horse by a tree branch (Ordericus Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History [Chibnall, iii. pp. 114-115] and later writers). Healfdene's connection with the tragedy is not known. The king's grandson, and his third son, William Rufus, were also killed while hunting in the New Forest, and popular opinion attributed their deaths to a curse brought upon the king in retribution for the destruction caused when he created the Forest (JRM).
37	HARDWIN OF SCALES. The Inquisitio Eliensis (folio 49a 2; Hamilton, p. 124; see {Introduction: Related or 'Satellite' Texts}) includes a summary total of his Hertfordshire holdings. The summary gives separately the lands held by Hardwin himself in lordship, and those held from him by his milites ('men-at-arms'), a normal collective term in Domesday and associated texts for those who hold from a listed landholder. Modern English 'tenants' differs in meaning from Domesday tenentes terras (landholders), and 'under-tenants' does not well translate milites or its alternatives homines, and, occasionally (for example, Liber Exoniensis, folio 72) barones ('men' and 'barons'). In 1086, the Latin words described the armed retainers of recent conquerors, maintained by holdings of land, to hold down a conquered people; fifty years later, the risk of a national rebellion had receded. See the Abingdon Chronicle (Stevenson, ii. p. 3) (JRM).
		The Ely figures (with an addition of the Domesday figures given in brackets), group Freemen and priests with villagers, cottagers with smallholders. The figures are:

	Hardwin's Lordship	Hardwin's men-at-arms	
Manors	10† (5)	10 (18)	
Hides	22 h. 3 ½ v. (21 h. 3 ½ v.)	18 ½ (18 ½)‡	
Lordship ploughs	8 ½ (8 ½)	6± (2)	
Villagers	42 (39)	17 (17)	
Smallholders	28 (27)	72 (71)	
Slaves	14 (4)+	10 (10)	
Villagers' ploughs	16 ½ (16 ½)	13§ (16)	
Value (pretium)	£23 8s (£23 8s)	£16 5s (£16 5s)≠	
	(In all) land for 53 ploughs (53)
	† Manuscript B has xvii, with x inserted above.
	‡ Domesday, 18 hides 1 virgate 28 ½ acres; 1 ½ acres short of 18 ½ hides.
	± v in manuscript C; the discrepancy probably originates from ii miscopied as v, a common manuscript error.
	+  iiii, evidently for xiiii.
	§ xiii is probably a misreading of xvi.
	≠ Emended from £15 by Hardwin (JRM)
37,1	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
37,2	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,4	ESKIL OF WARE. See 25,2 Eskil note (JP).
37,6	"WISGAR" [* "WIGAR" OF ORWELL *]. The Domesday form Wisgar here is probably a scribal error for Wigar, which is the form in the next entry (37,7). One of the jurors in the Two Hundreds of Broadwater recorded in the Inquisitio Eliensis (see {Appendix}) is called Wigar of Orwell, almost certainly the same man as here and in 37,7. See 34,9 "Wigar" note.
37,7	"WIGAR" [* OF ORWELL *]. See 37,6 "Wigar" note.
37,8	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
37,11	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
	EARL GYRTH. See 37,19 Gyrth note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
37,12	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,14	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,15	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,18	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,19	EDEVA THE FAIR. See 5,16 Edeva note (JP).
	[* EARL *] ALGAR. Earl Gyrth, as in 37,11 (JRM).
		Earl Algar was the son of Earl Leofric and Countess Godiva, and father of earls Edwin and Morcar; he was Earl of East Anglia (1051-1057) and of Mercia (1057-62). He was probably dead by 1063, see Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs, pp. 546-47. His stormy political career is documented in Maund, Ireland, Wales and England (JP).
		Although the name Algar is a common one, the earl can be identified with reasonable confidence on a number of manors where his title is omitted. The Algar who held royal manors in Derby (DBY B14. 1,8), Essex (ESS 1,9;12-13) and Suffolk (SUF 1,121) is almost certainly the earl (though disguised as Earl Edgar in ESS 1,9), as is the Algar who held the valuable (£25) manor of Broadwell (OXF 54,1), probably also once a royal manor since it was in the hands of Princess Christina in 1086. The Algar of NTT 30,26 is also shown to he the earl by its dependency on NTT 1,59-60. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 206-212, whose list omits some dependencies and CAM 14,27. 26,17;19;26. ESS 41,2. 82,1. GLS 34,2. NTT 27,1 (JP).
	[* EARL *] GYRTH. Earl Gyrth, as in 37,11 (JRM).
		Although the name Gyrth occurs more than 150 times in Domesday Book, it is probable that all pre-Conquest occurrences (only two are post-Conquest) refer to one individual, Earl Gyrth Godwinson, King Harold's brother. Despite the fact that he is identified by his title in scarcely one case in seven, two principle factors aid his identification elsewhere: the massive disproportion in the distribution of the name, fewer than two dozen holdings being outside East Anglia (where Gyrth was the earl), and the heavy preponderance of Gyrth as a lord of men rather than as a landowner in his own right. Additionally, the Gyrth holding a large number of royal manors in Norfolk and Suffolk is evidently the earl; and he can also be identified as the predecessor of Hardwin of Scales in Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire. In the few cases outside East Anglia where unidentified Gyrths are recorded, the status of the holding and other factors indicate the earl. In the Sussex heartland of the Godwinsons, for instance, the two substantial manors of Coombes and Merston (SUS 13,19. 11,110) were almost certainly held by the earl: apart from their status, both are adjacent to other Godwinson manors, Coombes being close to Earl Gyrth's own huge manor of Washington (SUS 13,9). Similar considerations suggest that the handsome manors of Hartley Mauditt (BRK 30,1) and Eaton Hastings (HAM 35,2), both held in freehold from the Crown, had also belonged to the earl. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 194-200, whose list omits NFK 9,159. 29,9. 34,9. 52,3. 57,1 and SUF 7,75. 21,30;62. 31,34. 74,7 (JP).
	OF THIS VIRGATE. Virga is a normal variant of virgata (JRM).
37,20	EARL ALGAR. See 37,19 Algar note (JP).
37,21	WULFRIC WARDEN. See Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 275 (JRM).
37,22	4 HIDES. So the manuscript. Farley misprints iii. hidae (JRM).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).
38	PRINCE EDGAR. Aetheling ('prince'). Great-nephew of Edward the Confessor, and formally heir to his throne. A child in 1066, London acclaimed him as king during the few weeks' resistance after Harold's death at Hastings. He lived until 1125 or later, pardoned by William after participating in the rebellion of 1069, and after periods as a refugee in Scotland and in Flanders (JRM).
38,1	GODWIN [* OF HORMEAD *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
38,2	GODWIN [* OF HORMEAD *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ALNOTH [* GRUTT *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
39,1	ENGELRIC [* THE PRIEST *]. See 15,4 Engelric note (JP).
40,1	MEPPERSHALL. See BDF 48,1, under Gilbert's lands, 'Meppershall ... answers for 4 hides in Bedfordshire. In Hertfordshire this village answers for 3 hides and 1 virgate (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
41,1	10s [[£10?]]. Probably either 110s or £10, miscopied in the manuscript (JRM).
42,1	DEORMANN [* BROTHER OF LEOFSTAN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ALWARD [* OF MARDLEY *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
42,2	DEORMANN [* BROTHER OF LEOFSTAN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
42,3	DEORMANN [* BROTHER OF LEOFSTAN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
42,4	DEORMANN [* BROTHER OF LEOFSTAN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
42,5	DEORMANN [* BROTHER OF LEOFSTAN *]. Note to be supplied (JP).
42,6	ESGER THE CONSTABLE. See 17,10 Esger note (JP).
42,7	GODE <OF WOOLLEY>. See 34,4 Gode note (JRM).
42,13	'RODHANGER'. See 34,8 'Rodhanger' note. Perhaps Norton Bury, beneath a 'hanger', a (wooded) slope (JRM).
42,14	EARL LEOFWIN. See 5,10 Leofwin note (JP).
42a,1	£33. So the manuscript. In the facsimile the dot after the figure is smeared, giving the appearance of xxxiiii instead of xxxiii; the error is repeated in VCH Hertfordshire, i. p. 343 (JRM).
43,1	MEADOW, 6s. Possibly an unusual valuation; but perhaps vi sol' is a transcription error for vi car' ('6 ploughs') (JRM).
44,1	HUNSDON. The manuscript has Hodesdone, evidently Honesdone; see 25,2 (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF CADDINGTON *]. See 13,1 Leofwin note (JP).
	EARL HAROLD. See 17,4 Harold note (JP).