NOTES
(version 1a)

WARWICSCIRE in red, at the top of each page, centred over the two columns, [on folios 238-244]; on folio 244ab the first R was omitted, and inserted above the line (JRM).

B1	THE KING'S BARONS. Not yet a title. The 'men' of the king, or of a magnate, here denoting the listed Landholders, including a nun (JRM).
	112. Discounting repetitions, the houses listed [in B2] total 114, not 112; later chapters list only two dozen (JRM).
B2	MONKS OF PILLERTON [PRIORS]. That is, from Saint-Evroult, see 18,11 Pillerton Priors (JRM).
	RICHARD THE HUNTER. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
	GILBERT [OF] BOUILLE. The manuscript has buili, with a stroke through the l, for builli. Farley, in error, budi. See Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 77.
		Since the other 25 'barons' were all listed landholders, this Gilbert was probably identical with Gilbert son of Turold (JRM).
	NICHOLAS THE BOWMAN. Balista included all missile weapons, from crossbow to large artillery piece. The English word 'gun' was used of such weapons before the introduction of gunpowder. Nicholas was probably a master of ordnance, evidently a person of substance, since he held a dozen manors in Devon (DEV 48). The Gloucester History and Cartulary, (Hart, Cartularium, i. p. 74), calls him Nicholaus de la Pole (JRM).
		The Phillimore printed translation has Nicholas the Gunner, but this was changed for the first version of Domesday Explorer to 'the bowman', in view of the modern connotation of 'gunner'.
	STEPHEN THE STEERSMAN. A steersman was the commander of a ship or of a fleet. Since he also held two houses in Southampton (HAM S3), Stephen was presumably a senior naval officer (JRM).
		See Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 423, under Stefan Stirman. Stephen the steersman is identified as Stephen son Erhard by Ordericus Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, p. 296) and so-named in Domesday Berkshire (BRK 64) (JP).
	HAROLD ^[SON OF EARL RALPH]^. Listed twice, evidently by accident (JRM).
	CHRISTINA. Christina was the sister of Earls Edwin and Morcar and Queen Margaret of Scotland; she became a nun at Romsey: VCH Warwickshire, i. 281; Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, pp. 176-77. No other landholder of that name occurs in Domesday Book (JP).
B4	SHERIFFDOM ... COUNTY. Since each county had its sheriff (vicecomes), but few had an earl (comes) in 1086, the terms are interchangeable. See 1,6 shire note(JRM).
	£24 8s. Domesday uses the old English currency system, which endured for a thousand years until 1971. The pound contained 20 shillings, each of 12 pence, and the abbreviations £.s.d. preserved the Domesday terms librae, solidi and denarii (JRM).
	DOG-CUSTOM. Payment for providing, feeding and keeping hunting hounds (JRM).
1,1	EARL EDWIN. Of Mercia, c. 1063-1070. Domesday Oxfordshire (OXF 1,12) notes that 'from Earl Edwin's land in Oxford and Warwickshire the king has £100 and 100s' (JRM).
1,2	WELLESBOURNE. In 'Tremelowe' Hundred, but entered as a dependency of Kineton in "Fexhole" Hundred, without mention of its own hundred, as normally in Domesday (JRM).
1,5	TAMWORTH. Nine miles from Coleshill. Domesday omits the borough; see STS 1,9 Tamworth note (JRM).
1,6	'COTEN'. A suburb of Warwick, located east of the borough by the Warwick street-name Coten End (SP288652); see Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 264 (JRM).
	THIRD PENNY. One third, with two thirds to the king, as normally before 1066 (JRM).
	SHIRE. Used of the divisions of Wessex from at least the eighth century; but the midland shires were first organized by Edric Streona ('the acquisitive'), ealdorman of Mercia 1007-1017, who 'joined provinces to provinces at will': Hearne, Hemingi Chartularium, p. 280. Twelve of the thirteen shires are first mentioned between 1010 and 1016; see Taylor, 'Origin of the Mercian Shires', and Taylor, 'Northern Boundary of Gloucestershire', condensed and edited in Finberg, Gloucestershire Studies, pp. 17-51. Districts were attached to boroughs during the Danish wars, a century or more earlier; see HRT B11 borough note, but their boundaries are unknown, and did not always coincide with those of the later shires (JRM).
1,7	VALUE. Includes the values of 1,8 and 1,9 (JRM).
1,8	UPTON. Upton in Haselor: Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 212 (JRM).
	ALBERT THE CLERIC. Albert of Lorraine, landholder in half a dozen counties before and after 1066 (JRM).
1,9	RICHARD THE FORESTER. The same man as Richard the hunter; see 44,7 hunter note.
2,1	STORI <OF FARNBOROUGH>. The Stori holding this moderately valuable property is fairly remote from any of his namesakes; and although he might conceivably have been the same individual as the Stori holding in Bedfordshire, there are no apparent links between them (JP).
2,2	TONNI <OF BERICOTE>. The name Tonni occurs on twenty holdings, probably representing two or three individuals. Given the uncommon nature of the name, the two Warwickshire holdings probably belonged to one individual who might have been Tonni of Lusby since these properties are not too distant from his Northamptonshire holdings of Stowe and Kislingbury (NTH 46,1;3). But there are no apparent connections between them and, unlike Tonni of Lusby, Tonni of Bericote was a tenant in 1086. The only other Tonni to hold land in 1086 was the tenant of the tiny Yorkshire holding of Acaster. This might suggest a link between these two Tonnis and, curiously, there are two other apparent linkages: a Thorkil had an interest in both holdings and William of Percy, a successor of Tonni of Lusby in Lincolnshire, also held in Acaster. On this basis it could be argued that all twenty properties held by a Tonni had belonged to one individual. But these links are more likely to be simply coincidental. The tiny Yorkshire property is remote; Thorkils are common in Yorkshire; and neither Thorkil of Warwick nor his father Alwin the sheriff of Warwickshire are known to have had any interests further north than that county (JP).
3	LAND OF THE BISHOP OF WORCESTER. Hemming's Cartulary (Hearne, Hemingi Chartularium, pp. 311-13) lists the same holdings, giving hides and holders only, except for 3,4, given in full. Monachi is substituted for episcopus in 3,3 and 3,5, and habent monachi for habuit archiepiscopus in 3,4 (JRM).
3,2	STRATFORD[-UPON-AVON]. Domesday does not distinguish Stratford-upon-Avon from Old Stratford (JRM).
3,3	STICKS. Normally 25 eels to a 'stick' (JRM).
3,4	THIS ENTRY is added in small letters at the foot of folio 238c [after 3,7]; directed by transposition signs to its proper place in the column above (JRM)
	ARCHBISHOP ALDRED. Bishop of Worcester 1047-1062, Archbishop of York 1061-1069; he crowned King William in 1066. He claimed jurisdiction over Worcester, which had been united with York from 972 to 1016 (JRM).
	FOUR FORFEITURES. Defined as breach of the King's peace, burglary, highway robbery, and evasion of military service, in the laws of King Cnut [formerly known as Canute]; see 2 Canute 12;14-15 in Robertson, Laws of the Kings of England, pp. 180-81 (JRM).
	HIS WHOLE KINGDOM. The manuscript has totu[m] suu[m] regnu[m]. Farley omits suu[m] (JRM).
	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. The estates and identity of this Leofwin, an uncle of Thorkil of Warwick, have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital Family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire'. To her list should perhaps be added two holdings at Harbury and Cubbington (16,7;53), both 'family' vills. At Cubbington the holding was shared with another family member, Ketilbiorn, in 1066 (JP).
	COULD TURN. From Earl Leofric's lordship (JRM).
	COUNTY. Comitatus. The word ultimately prevailed since the old kingdoms of the south-east, from East Anglia to Sussex, are not and never have been 'shires’ (JRM).
	BISHOP WULFSTAN. Bishop of Worcester 1062-1095, the only English bishop to survive King William, revered for his simple and saintly practice and precept (JRM).
	QUEEN MATILDA. King William's wife (JRM).
	FOUR SHERIFFDOMS. Or shires. The assembly met at the 'Guildborough' (Gildenberg) at the Four Shire Stone(s) (at SP231321), where seven parishes and the shires of Gloucester, Oxford, Warwick and, until 1931, Worcester converge; see Bates, Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, nos. 134-35 pp. 457-59; and WOR 10,12 "Ildeberga" note. The bounds attached to a grant (Birch Cartularium Saxonicum, no. 1238 = Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, no. 1362 [= Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 1325] = Hearne, Hemingi Chartularium, pp. 213-15) dated 969, fifty years before the shires were formed, locate four stones by the Gild Beorh. If the bounds are contemporary with the grant, the stones were older than the shires, the cause rather than the consequence of the meeting of so many boundaries at this point. The site may have been an earlier assembly place for all or part of the kingdom of the Hwicce, of the Cotswolds and lower River Severn. Beorg (English Place-Name Elements, i. p. 29) means a natural or artificial hill, here a barrow, since there is no natural hill. Gild (English Place-Name Elements, i. p. 200) meant a place of worship, a tax or payment, or an association, especially for meeting financial and religious obligations, not yet limited to associations of merchants or craftsmen. The term (selected instances in Place-Names of Worcestershire, p. 125) sometimes occurs elsewhere where three or more shires adjoin, as at Guilden Morden (Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire); Peterborough, where five shires join, was termed Gildeneburch shortly after the establishment of the shires, the name interpreted by later local chroniclers as meaning 'golden', rich in endowments; and also at the junctions of several hundreds (JRM).
3,5	LOXLEY. See Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 235 (JRM).
3,6	URSO [* OF ABETOT *]. Of Abetot, sheriff of Worcestershire (JRM).
3,7	THE ENTRY is duplicated, with additional detail, in 44,12 (JRM).
	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
4	LAND OF THE BISHOP OF BAYEUX. He was half-brother of King William (JRM).
4,1	STEPHEN [* SON OF ERHARD *]. See B2 steersman note (JP).
4,2	ESBIORN [* BIG *]. Esbiorn Big held several substantial manors in Kent before the Conquest, most of which devolved upon the Bishop of Bayeux and in most of which he was named. The Esbiorn who held Ditton (KEN 5,42) was probably the same man since this another substantial holding acquired by the Bishop and was just three miles from the Big manor at Birling. It is likely that he was also the Esbiorn at Atherstone in Warwickshire (4,2), despite the distance involved, since this, too, devolved upon the Bishop of Bayeux who had subinfeudated it to Corbin of Agneaux, a tenant of his at West Peckham, just a few miles from Birling. It is also conceivable that Esbiorn held the large manor at Compton (SUR 18,1. SUS 11,36), near Chichester, acquired by Earl Roger of Shrewsbury, though there are no tenurial associations to support this (JP).
4,3	WADARD <OF COGGES>. The name Wadard occurs on over forty holdings in Domesday Book, all probably held by one individual. All but a couple of properties in Kent were held as a tenant of the Bishop of Bayeux, the exceptions being held from St Augustine's Abbey which accommodated other of Odo's tenants. This singular distribution proves Wadard's identity, confirmed by the descent of his holdings to form the core of the barony of Cogges: Sanders, English baronies, pp. 36-37; Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 444 (JP).
4,4	WADARD <OF COGGES>. See 4,3 Wadard note (JP).
4,5	ERNWULF <OF BIDFORD>. The name Ernwulf occurs on eight or nine (if NTT 9,89 is included) holdings in Domesday Book, each probably belonging to a different individual. None of the holdings are substantial, all are distant from each other, and none shared English predecessors or Norman tenants-in-chief. Five of the holdings were pre-Conquest tenures, three or four post-Conquest. These latter may well have been of continental origin (as was certainly the case at Leake in Nottinghamshire), making more remote the slight possibility that any of the Ernwulfs were related to each other. The two Warwickshire holdings are more than 20 miles apart and have no apparent connections. It is not even certain that the two names are the same: Ernulfus in Bidford, Arnul in Longdon (JP).
	ARNGRIM <OF WOMERTON>. The name Arngrim occurs on thirteen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing four or five individuals. The Warwickshire holding is comparatively isolated, only the Arngrim holdings in Herefordshire and Shropshire being close enough to suggest a possible connection. One of these was shared with an Einulf, conceivably a corrupt form of the Ernwulf who shared the Warwickshire property with Arngrim; but it is perhaps more likely that Bidford was the sole property of this Arngrim (JP).
4,6	STEPHEN [* SON OF ERHARD *]. See B2 steersman note (JP).
5	LAND OF THE BISHOP OF COUTANCES. Geoffrey of Mowbray, a principal minister of King William (JRM).
5,1	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. The estates of the those Alwins which can be attributed to Alwin the sheriff, father of Thorkil of Warwick, have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire', Anglo-Norman Studies, xi. (1989), p. 279-95. Fenny Compton (17,59) should probably be added to the estates listed there since it devolved upon Alwin's son Thorkil, was shared in 1066 with a brother, Ordric, and lay in a 'family' vill (JP).
6,1	VALUE BEFORE 1066 [2]0s. The manuscript is scraped. There is too little room for an intermediate value, too much room to fill with further figures. Probably x. solid' was intended, possibly xx. solid' (JRM).
6,2	THE CHURCH ITSELF [HOLDS] GRANDBOROUGH. Restore ten[et] G]RANEBERGE after ęcc[lesi]a; the te of tenet seems just legible (JRM).
	1 VIRGATE [OF LAND]. Traces of letters, probably t'rę or irg after una v (JRM).
6,5	ALDGYTH, WIFE OF GRUFFYDD. Aldgyth was the daughter of Earl Algar, widow of King Gruffydd, and wife of King Harold Godwinson; her daughter, Nest, married Osbern son of Richard. Another holding which may have been hers lay in Tyringham, Buckinghamshire, where it is recorded that 'Aelfeva, Harold's wife' had a manor. The form of the name (Alueua) does not translate to Aldgyth, but a scribal error may be suspected. The alternative is to posit the existence of second Harold married to a lady of sufficient status to hold land in her own right in the heart of Harold Godwinson's territories, an Harold apparently unrecorded elsewhere despite being a lord of men: see BUK 17,22 Harold note. It is also tempting to connect this Aldgyth with Aldgyth of Welshampton. The name is sufficiently uncommon to make this plausible. Apart from two remote and tiny holdings in Suffolk (SUF 67,15. 74,6.), there were only three other manors held by an Aldgyth T.R.E., one in Somerset (SOM 5,42), one in Derbyshire (DBY 6,51), the third in Yorkshire (YKS 5E27 and note. CE6). Of these, only the Derbyshire might plausibly be associated with Aldgyth other holdings; but there are no other indications of a connection (JP).
6,9	THIS ENTRY was added at the foot of the column in the same small lettering as 3,4, at the foot of the facing column [folio 238d], probably at the same time, and separated from it by the vertical line, which is not a gallows-like entry sign, since it lacks the short curved cross-piece shown in Farley. The entry is duplicated, with fuller detail, in 14,2 (JRM).
	ALWIN THE SHERIFF. Father of Thorkil (WAR 17) (JRM).
		See also 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
6,14	[PRIORS] HARDWICK. The large area probably included Priors Marston, also held by Coventry (JRM).
7	THIS CHAPTER and the three following (WAR 8-10) are in smaller and closer lettering, without the spaces shown by Farley (JRM).
7,1	HILL. The Abingdon Chronicle (Stevenson, ii. pp. 8, 20) reports the purchase of a gift, confirmed by Thorkil's son Siward, 'then adolescent', and by the king's writ, addressed to Robert d'Oilly, sheriff of Warwickshire in the 1080s (WAR 21), where the donor is styled Thorkil of Arden. Chesterton (17,67) was transferred at the same time. The Abingdon Chronicle (Stevenson, ii. p. 284) says that these holdings were bought from the king (JRM).
11,3	[ABBOTS] SALFORD. See VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 341 note 4 (JRM).
11,4	RANULF [* BROTHER OF ABBOT WALTER *]. Ranulf is brother of Abbot Walter of Evesham: VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 282 (JRM).
12	THIS CHAPTER and the one following (WAR 13) are in smaller and closer lettering, without the spaces shown by Farley, as also chapters 7-10 (JRM).
	LAND OF EARL ROGER. Earl of Shrewsbury; see STS 8 Roger note.
12,1	LEAMINGTON [SPA]. Formerly Leamington Priors, renamed 'Royal Leamington Spa' in 1838; see Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 175 (JRM).
	WULFWIN. Written Olwin [Oluuin'], as in WOR 14,1; see von Feilitzen Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 428 (JRM).
12,3	REGINALD [* THE SHERIFF *]. Reginald of Bailleul (from Bailleul, sometimes known as Bailleul-en-Gouffern, in the French département of Orne: arrondissement Argentan, canton Trun, near Exmes) who was the sheriff of Shropshire; see STS 14 Reginald note.
	STRETTON[-ON-DUNSMORE]. Following the forfeiture of the Earldom of Shrewsbury in 1102 by Earl Roger's son, Robert of Bellême, Reginald the sheriff returned to Normandy and his lands, in the main, passed to his successor as sheriff, Alan Fitz Flaad. The latter gave Stretton-on-Dunsmore to Burton Abbey; see Bridgeman, ‘Burton Abbey Surveys', p. 247; Deanesly and Jeayes, 'Burton Abbey', p. 11 no. 12; VCH Staffordshire, iii. p. 202.
	AELMUND [* ALMUND FATHER OF ALWARD *]. The Domesday forms Aeilmund[us], Ailmund[us] and Elmund represent Old English Æthelmund: von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 185. However, as the forms do not include medial -d- or -g- JRM did not think that they warranted inclusion under Aethelmund, but elsewhere he dealt with names beginning Ail-, Ael-, Aiel- etc. under the form 'Ael-', so although the Phillimore printed translation has Almund (in 12,4) it has been changed to Aelmund for the present edition for the sake of consistency. The Alecto edition has Æthelmund.
		However, it appears that this Aelmund was the same person as Almund (Domesday Elmund), the predecessor of Reginald of Bailleul, Earl Roger's tenant, in 12,7 and in SHR 4,3,45;47-48;63;67 and in STS 8,4 and that he was the father of Alward who was also one of Reginald's predecessors in Shropshire (SHR 4,3,68;70) as well as holding five other estates from the earl there, once with Almund (SHR 4,27,17-21); see Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest, p. 90. See also Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 188, who gives just one folio reference, corresponding to SHR 4,27,17. It is not certain that the other predecessors of Earl Roger called Almund (STS 8,11;14-15;23, the only other occurrences of this name-form in Domesday Staffordshire) were the same as Almund father of Alward, as Reginald was not Roger's subtenant in those entries and at least one other Almund was Earl Roger's predecessor according to Williams (SHR 4,20,3). However, see von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 149, note 2.
		The name Almund occurs in four counties, on more than two dozen manors, as a T.R.E. landowner. With the exception of three waste holdings in Yorkshire, all these holdings devolved upon Earl Roger of Shrewsbury, many then being subinfeudated to Reginald of Bailleul. These connections make it probable that the bulk of these holdings had been held by one individual, notably all those in Staffordshire, three and possibly all four of the Warwickshire holdings, and the Shropshire holdings subinfeudated to Reginald of Bailleul as well as one holding still in Almund's hands in 1086, shared with his son Alward, and another in which Alward succeeded him. Almund's remaining holdings (SHR 4,8,1;16. 4,20,3;11;17. 4,21,8-9;18), though intermixed with those above, are cannot be more precisely connected to Alward's father, though a connection is likely in several of these cases. There was certainly one other Alward in Shropshire (4,20,3) who may have held some of these properties before the Conquest: Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest, p. 90 (JP).
12,4	WOLSTON. This estate presumably passed, like Stretton-on-Dunsmore, to Alan Fitz Flaad (see 12,3 Stretton note) and was given by his widow to Burton Abbey; see Wrottesley, ‘Burton Cartulary’, pp. 32-33; Deanesly and Jeayes, 'Burton Abbey', p. 10 no. 12; VCH Staffordshire, iii. p. 202.
	AELMUND [* ALMUND FATHER OF ALWARD *]. See 12,3 Almund note (JP).
12,5	KETILB[IORN] <OF CUBBINGTON>. The manuscript has Chetelb[er]t[us], but he is probably identical with the Chetelb[er]t' of 17,56, that is, Ketilbiorn, probably Thorkil's brother, and the Ketilbiorn [Chetelbern'] of 16,53 (JRM). [See von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 304 note 4.].
		See also 16,53 Ketilbiorn note (JP).
12,7	WOLSTON. In Marton Hundred, on the River Avon, here the hundred boundary. Domesday distinguishes 1 virgate in Stoneleigh, evidently across the river. 12,4 and 12,7 were held by the same holders before and after 1066 (JRM).
	ALMUND [* FATHER OF ALWARD *]. See 12,3 Almund note (JP).
12,8	^[STAFFORDSHIRE]^. [* IN SEISDON HUNDRED *]. The next four estates (12,8-11) appear to have formed, in 1086, part of Earl Roger's fief in Staffordshire, but were entered in Warwickshire in error probably as a result of a misunderstanding of a schedule in which Earl Roger's lands in several counties were listed together; see {Introduction: County Boundary}. All four estates were transferred to Shropshire before 1102; see SHR {Introduction: County Boundary}.
		An incidental proof that they were a part of Staffordshire in 1086 comes from the fact that in Seisdon Hundred, Staffordshire, the 1 hide at Shipley (12,11), the 5 hides at Seisdon (STS 12,17), the ½ hide and 1 ½ hides on the two estates at 'Crockington' (STS 1,1. 12,16) together with the 2 hides at Trysull (STS 12,15) make a unit of 10 hides; see STS {Introduction: Hidation}.
	AUTI <OF LEEBOTWOOD>. The name Auti occurs on 35 holdings spread mainly across Midland England; but the Auti holding the six holdings in Shropshire, Staffordshire and Warwickshire can be identified with a degree of confidence as one individual. All six were held from the Earl of Shrewsbury or his tenants; three of them by the same individual in both 1066 and 1086 (a pattern found nowhere else), and two others by a 1086 survivor, only one other such occurring anywhere else in the country (LIN 68,23). The only one of the six holdings not held directly from the earl or by a survivor, Womerton in Shropshire (SHR 4,5,3), is adjacent to the two properties held directly from the earl. Not catalogued by Keats-Rohan, Domesday People (JP).
	QUATT. This was an Ancient Parish in Shropshire. Quatt was probably in Staffordshire in 1086, then in Shropshire before 1102. In the Middle Ages it was considered either as a member of Stottesdon Hundred or of Bridgnorth Liberty. After forfeiture of the Earldom of Shrewsbury in 1102 by Robert of Bellême, son of Earl Roger, Quatt came into the hands of Henry I and was divided among the sons of Helgot, the lords of Castle Holdgate (SHR.4,21 Helgot note). Dudmaston (SO7488) was granted to Herbert son of Helgot and Book of Fees pp. 965, 973, record Peter de Dodemaneston’ holding in Dodemaneston’ of the barony of Thomas Maudut’ of Castle Holdgate; see Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, iii. no. 194, iv. nos. 272, 355, and Rotuli Hundredorum, ii. p. 88b. One hide at Quatt, henceforth called Quatt Malvern, was given by Guy son of Helgot before 1127 to the priory of Great Malvern; see Book of Fees, p. 147; Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. p. 447 no. II; Rotuli Hundredorum, ii. p. 59a; Taxatio Ecclesiastica, p. 257b. Another hide, consisting of Qate and Mose [Quatt Jarvis and Mose, SO7590] together with Wodeton [Wootton SO7689], a curtilage in Morfe forest, was held by serjeanty; see Rotuli Hundredorum, ii. p. 59a. On the whole manor, see Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, iii. p. 173.
12,9	ROMSLEY. This was a Liberty in Alveley Ancient Parish in Shropshire and a separate Civil Parish from 1866; see Youngs, Local Administrative Units, ii. p. 392. Romsley was probably in Staffordshire in 1086, then in Shropshire before 1102. After the forfeiture by Robert of Bellême of the Earldom of Shrewsbury in that year, Romsley passed to the barons of Richards Castle (SHR 5 Osbern note) and was held under them in the thirteenth century by the Le Poer family. In Red Book of the Exchequer, ii. p. 604, Ramesleye and Eseberge (unidentified) are held by Roger Poher, Richard de Wetemore and Walter de Esses from the honour of Richards Castle; see Rotuli Hundredorum, ii. p. 59a; Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, ii. no. 640, iii. no. 194, v. nos. 57, 611, x. no. 207; Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, iii. p. 196, and SHR 4,17,1 Badger note.
		Remesleage, Sciplea (Shipley, 12,11) and Suthtune [Sutton, SO7994] were an early eleventh century grant to Burton Abbey according to Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. pp. 38-39, but no trace of this grant is found in Domesday or later.
12,10	RUDGE. This estate was probably in Staffordshire in 1086, then in Shropshire before 1102, having been transferred there by Earl Roger or his sons. In the Middle Ages, it was a township in Pattingham Ancient Parish, forming its Shropshire portion, the rest lying in Staffordshire; see Youngs, Local Administrative Units, ii. p. 392. Rudge was counted a member of Stottesdon Hundred (Shropshire) in the Middle Ages. After Robert of Bellême forfeited the Earldom of Shrewsbury in 1102, Rudge passed to the Mortimers. In Book of Fees, p. 963, Geoffrey de Ledwiz holds 1 fee in Ruge from the barony of Ralph de Mortuomari; see Book of Fees, p. 972; Feudal Aids, iv. p. 232; Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, iv. no. 235; Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, iii. p. 204.
12,11	SHIPLEY. This estate was probably in Staffordshire in 1086, then in Shropshire before 1102, having been transferred there by Earl Roger or his sons. In the Middle Ages it was in Claverley Ancient Parish in Shropshire, and counted as a member of Stottesdon Hundred in that county. Shipley followed the same descent as Rudge (12,10) after forfeiture, being held under the Mortimer barony. In Book of Fees, p. 963, Adam Mauveisin holds one-third fee in Shiple from the barony of Ralph de Mortuo Mari; see Feudal Aids, iv. p. 232; Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, iv. no. 235; Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, iii. p. 209. For another mention, see STS 8,1 Claverley note, and for the possible holding by Burton Abbey, see WAR 12,9 Romsley note.
13	LAND OF EARL HUGH. Earl Hugh of Chester (JRM)
14	LAND OF EARL AUBREY. That is, Aubrey of Coucy, also Aubrey of Northumbria, in the early 1080s; according to Symeon of Durham, 'of little use in difficult circumstances, he went home' to Normandy: Arnold, Opera Omnia, ii. p. 199. His extensive holdings in England had not yet been granted to others in 1086 (JRM).
14,1	NUNEATON. The hides are omitted (JRM).
	HARDING [* SON OF ALNOTH *]. The name Harding occurs or is implied on some four dozen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing four or five individuals. Peter Clarke has assigned all 33 T.R.E. holdings in Great Domesday to Harding son of Alnoth (Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 282-83), while Katharine Keats-Rohan has attributed 15 of the 17 1086 tenancies to the same man (Domesday People, p. 244). Of the other two, Ann Williams (The English and the Norman Conquest, p. 120 note 125) has shown that the Berkshire holding was probably held by the individual who held in Dorset and Wiltshire in 1086, and the seventeenth tenancy was held by a burgess of Oxford. The grounds for the majority of these attributions have not been stated but are relatively easy to reconstruct. 29 of the 33 T.R.E. holdings in Great Domesday were connected in some way with Earl Aubrey of Coucy. Three of these (WIL 67,60-62) were held by Harding at both dates, as were three of the remaining four holdings without the Coucy link. As the survival of more than one Englishman with an uncommon name holding the same properties at both dates within a limited area is improbable, all six properties may have been held by the same individual. The final 1066 holding, at Winterslow (20,6) was connected indirectly to the other 32: Harding held another property in the same vill (WIL 23,3), one which also devolved upon Aubrey de Coucy. All 33 1066 holdings therefore probably belonged to one man. Of the 1086 tenancies, Harding is named as the son of Alnoth in the Somerset holdings, which descended to the Meriet family through his eldest son Nicholas (SOM 47,3-8). The remaining properties in Berkshire, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire have been discussed above, leaving those in Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, and Warwickshire to be accounted for. Ann Williams has suggested that the Gloucestershire Harding is the son of Alnoth, on grounds of proximity to the family's Bristol base (The English and the Norman Conquest, p. 120); his connections with other royal manors and with Queen Edith offer a possible link with the Hampshire holding (HAM 6,1); and the Warwickshire holding lay between those held by Harding in the county in 1066 (17,30). The two modest, adjacent Buckinghamshire holdings have no discernible links to other Harding properties and may have belonged to another English survivor. Doubts have been raised about the identification of the 1066 landholder with Harding son of Alnoth, however, principally on the grounds that William of Malmesbury reports him to have been active in the 1120s (Gesta regum, p. 471), too old to have held land before the Conquest (Lewis, 'Formation of the Honour of Chester', pp. 67-68). But the tenurial history of Beechingstoke (WIL 12,1) tends to confirm the identification. Harding held this manor in 1066, and Harding son of Alnoth was litigating about it in the reign of Henry I. Moreover, the tenant-in-chief of Beechingstoke was Shaftesbury Abbey, to which Harding son of Alnoth donated land when his daughter became a nun there: Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest, pp. 120-21 (JP).
14,2	CLIFTON[-UPON-DUNSMORE]. The entry is summarized in 6,9 (JRM).
	ALWIN THE SHERIFF. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
14,3	HARDING [* SON OF ALNOTH *]. See 14,1 Harding note (JP).
14,4	SALO <OF BRAMCOTE>. As the two occurrences of this name in Domesday Book occur in adjacent vills, it is probable that they belonged to the same individual in 1066 (JP).
14,6	HARDING [* SON OF ALNOTH *]. See 14,1 Harding note (JP).
15	LAND OF COUNTESS GODIVA. She was the widow of Earl Leofric, grandmother of Earl Edwin, died between 1066 and 1086. Her lands had not yet been granted to others (JRM).
		See also 17,42 Godiva note (JP).
16	COUNT OF MEULAN. That is, Robert of Beaumont, who inherited Meulan through his mother. His brother Henry, keeper of Warwick Castle since 1068, was created Earl of Warwick soon after 1086, and was granted Robert's Warwickshire lands, soon after supplemented by Thorkil's (WAR 17 Thorkil note). These lands, with those of Robert of Stafford (WAR 22), comprise about three quarters of the Warwickshire lay holdings in Domesday (JRM).
16,1	MYTON. See 17,60. It is probable that on Edwin's death My ton was equally divided between the count and Thorkil, whose half the count held from him (JRM).
16,3	KENTWIN. The name Kentwin occurs on three holdings in Domesday Book. They form a tight group and devolved upon the same tenant-in-chief and so they were probably held by one individual in 1066 (JP).
16,5	MARGINAL FIGURE. The v is in dark ink, as also in 16,6. 28,16-18. 30,2. 31,1-7. 38,1; they seem to be in the same hand as the body of the manuscript. All except 28,18 are reproduced in the Ordnance Survey facsimile. A majority of the figures correspond to about half the recorded hidage. Their meaning is unexplained (JRM).
16,6	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note.
16,7	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
	COULD SELL BUT COULD NOT DEPART WITH THE LAND. The distinction is unusual; most such men could do neither or both (JRM).
16,8	DEORMANN <OF MORETON>. Despite its handsome scale, this appears to have been the sole holding of this Deormann, the one recorded pre-Conquest landholder with this English name. There are no apparent links with the better known but comparatively poor Deormann of London who flourished after the Conquest (JP).
	[HE WAS] A FREE MAN. The manuscript has tenuit repeated, probably in error for fuit, as elsewhere (JRM).
16,9	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. Although the name Saxi is not uncommon, its distribution in the Midlands is highly skewed, every estate held by a man of that name in Leicestershire and Warwickshire bar one devolving upon the count of Meulan. The one exception (44,2) is surrounded by the Meulan holdings so had probably belonged to the same individual (JP).
	VALUE ... £3. The manuscript has valuit .iii. lib'. Farley, in error, .vi. lib' (JRM).
16,10	[* COUNTESS *] GYTHA. Countess Gytha was the wife of Earl Ralph of Hereford and mother of another Earl Harold, easily confused with Gytha, wife of Earl Godwin and mother of Earl Harold Godwinson. She may have been the daughter of Osgod "Clapa" and widow of Tovi the proud: Williams, 'The king's nephew', pp. 327-43. She was a major predecessor of William Peverel in Buckinghamshire which enables her to be identified as the Gytha who preceded him in his Northamptonshire manors. The links between Gytha and Peverel make it probable that the Countess Goda of BDF 22,2 and NTT S5 and NTT 10,5 are scribal errors for Countess Gytha, as also at NTT 23,1: see NTT 10,5 Gytha note. It also likely that the Goda who held two royal manors in Rutland was Countess Gytha: see RUT 1,5 Countess note. In all these cases, the particular reasons for the identifications are also supported by the fact that Countess Goda is not known to have held land anywhere north Twyford in Buckinghamshire (JP).
		When the two countesses are accounted for, there are only four other occurrences of the name Gytha in Domesday Book, any of which could refer to Countess Gytha of Hereford though only those at Tilton in Leicestershire and Walton in Warwickshire lay within the territory in which she and her family held land. Tilton lay just 10 miles from her husband's manor of Stockerston (LEC 10,15) and a cluster of his other holdings, and Walton a similar distance from her son's manor of Burton Dassett (38,2), itself a few miles from his father's manor at Mollington (NTH 35,26); in view of the rarity of the name, it is perhaps more likely than not that both properties had been held by Countess Gytha. The remaining holdings of a Gytha, in Lincolnshire (LIN 53,6) and Yorkshire (5E35-36), are perhaps more likely to have belonged to other individuals given that her family had no known associations with either county. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 225-26, whose list omits dependencies and BDF 22,2. LEC 2,7. NTH 35,22. NTT 10,5. 23,1. RUT 1,5-6 and WAR 16,10 (JP).
16,11	KENTWIN. See 16,3 Kentwin note (JP).
16,12	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,13	THEY WERE FREE. In the manuscript there is a gap between lib'i and fuer', equivalent to about two letters (JRM).
16,15	THE COUNT [HOLDS]. The manuscript omits ten[et], perhaps by accident, but see 16,43 holds note (JRM).
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,16	BOVI <OF ARLESCOTE>. The name Bovi occurs on seven holdings, six of them in central England. Those in Leicestershire and Warwickshire, which devolved upon the Count of Meulun, are grouped around the two Northamptonshire holdings (one of which had been retained by the king in order to build a castle at Rockingham). Given this pattern and the rarity of the name, it is likely that they had been held by one individual before the Conquest. The sixth holding, in Nottinghamshire, is no more distant from this group than the holdings of the Count of Meulun are from each other, so this too may have belonged to the same individual (JP).
16,17	"DONNELIE". Located as Wedgnock-Donele Wood; see Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire, p. 182, cited in VCH Warwickshire, i. p. 313 (JRM).
16,20	THEY WERE FREE. The manuscript has ferer' in error for fuer' (JRM).
16,22	IN THE MANUSCRIPT this entry is preceded by a small gap, reproduced by Farley. However, in the Phillimore printed edition the existence of this gap is concealed by the start of a new page (JRM).
	CEOLRED <OF SHUTTINGTON>. The name Ceolred occurs four times in Domesday Book, three times as a predecessor of the Count of Mortain and once on a holding adjacent to Ceolred's Mortain property in Warwickshire. It is likely that one individual held all four properties before the Conquest. See also Williams, 'Vice-comital Family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire', p. 291 note 59 (JP).
	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. Godric is a common name but the distribution of the eight holdings in Warwickshire is distinctive, indicating one or two individuals. Seven of the eight occur on the two fiefs of the Count of Meulan and Thorkil of Warwick, both these fiefs sharing several tenants and including a high proportion of English survivors. Four of the seven holdings were in Godric's hands in 1066, and two of the 1066 holdings were adjacent to these; all six were therefore probably held by the same individual. The seventh holding, at Minsull (17,4), though detached from the others, was equidistant from the two groups into which the properties fell, around Settingdon and Astley; it is more likely than not that this, too, had been held by the same individual. The eighth property (29,5) devolved upon a different tenant-in-chief and was a considerable distance from the other seven holdings; it had probably belonged to a second Godric. See also Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 221 (JP).
16,23	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
16,24	INGENWULF <OF IBSTOCK>. The name Ingenwulf occurs on four holdings in Domesday Book, one in Leicestershire and three in Warwickshire, all held from the Count of Meulan. The odds against one tenant-in-chief having more than one tenant with the same name which was unique to his fief would involve a large number of zeros. Ancestor of the Bourton family: Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 281 (JP).
	ARNULF <OF WILNACOTE>. If the holdings of Arnulf of Hesdin, Arnulf of Ardres, and Arnulf the priest are excluded, Arnulf is an uncommon name, occurring a dozen times and probably representing six individuals. The two Warwickshire holdings, held from the same tenant-in-chief and shared with a tenant with the rare name of Ingenwulf, will have belonged to the same individual. See also Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 158 (JP).
	LEOFNOTH [* SON OF OSMUND *]. Although Leofnoth is a common name, there is a pronounced pattern to its distribution in the south Midlands. All the estates of Walter of Flanders in Northamptonshire (NTH 39,1-18) were acquired from Leofnoth, stated in the text to be the same individual. Walter also inherited the bulk of his estates in Bedfordshire (BDF 32,1;3-9) from Leofnoth, described as a royal thane in most entries and evidently the same individual as his Northamptonshire predecessor. The royal thane Leofnoth also held one manor in Buckinghamshire (BUK 43,1). The only other Leofnoth in the county (BUK 12,38) was also a lord of men and possibly the same individual. This Leofnoth was named son of Osmund, the only appearance of this name in Domesday Book. His holding at Wavendon lay between the holdings of Walter's predecessor in Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire. Wavendon was also adjacent to the only other two estates in Bedfordshire (BDF 33,1-2) held by a royal thane named Leofnoth. They were acquired by another Flemish tenant-in-chief, Walter brother of Sihere, probably the nephew of Walter of Flanders, one of whose holdings (32,15) strongly implies that the two Walters had acquired their estates from the same Leofnoth, further strengthening his identification with the son of Osmund (JP).
		One other estate in Bedfordshire was held by a Leofnoth who was a lord of men, at Carlton (BDF 24,20), surrounded by the holdings of the son of Osmund and so probably his, too. Finally, there were half-a-dozen other estates held by a Leofnoth in Northamptonshire which may have been his. These, unfortunately, do not give the lordship detail which would aid identification; but the holding at Grimsbury (NTH 48,1) had been held 'with full jurisdiction' and had devolved upon another of the Flemish tenants-in-chief, Gunfrid of Chocques; and those at Litchborough and Croughton (NTH 13,1. 18,64) were held freely and adjacent to other holdings of the son of Osmund. One of these devolved upon the Count of Mortain, who had acquired another holding from Leofnoth (NTH 18,40). That holding, though, was somewhat apart from the others and modestly endowed. Peter Clarke (English nobility, pp. 319-20), adds Berkswell (NTH 19,2) to this list but, curiously, not the other holdings of Leofnoth acquired by the Count of Meulan (16,24;27;31. NTH 19,1;3) which have several features which link them. Although the links are not as convincing as those discussed above, this Leofnoth might well be the son of Osmund: he held freely; some of the properties were modestly substantial; two of them were reasonably close to those of the son of Osmund; and no other Leofnoths held in Warwickshire or nearby. Like many others of his condition, Leofnoth son of Osmund may have been allowed to survive on a fragment of his former estate (NTH 39,13), as a tenant of Walter of Flanders at Plumpton (JP).
16,25	INGENWULF <OF IBSTOCK>. See 16,24 Ingenwulf note (JP).
	ARNULF <OF WILNACOTE>. See 16,24 Arnulf note (JP).
	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
16,26	HEREWARD <OF WEDDINGTON>. The name Hereward occurs on eight holdings (excluding Claims), in four counties, and may represent three individuals. All four holdings of an Hereward in Warwickshire had been held by the same man in both 1066 and 1086, a pattern so distinctive that there can be little doubt that the four were held by the same individual. Other English survivors also held from both Thorkil of Warwick and the Count of Meulan in 1086. Given the comparative rarity of the name, it is further possible that the Hereward who had held Evenlode in Worcestershire before the Conquest was the same individual. The distances involved make this plausible; and two Evesham satellite texts indicate that the 'held' of Domesday Book may be an error for 'holds' (and held), in which case the argument for identification is stronger: two survivors with an uncommon name in a restricted area is unlikely. Although it was cautiously suggested by Freeman (Norman Conquest (2nd edition), iv. pp. 826-33), and less cautiously by some later writers, that this Hereward may have been the Hereward the Wake of legend, Domesday Book contains no evidence to support this; and absence of any reference in the legendary sources to the Midland properties tends to confirm the silence of Domesday Book (JP).
16,27	LEOFNOTH [* SON OF OSMUND *]. See 16,24 Leofnoth note (JP).
16,28	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,29	[IN MARTON HUNDRED]. The missing heading might alternatively belong before 16,28 (JRM).
	KENTWIN. See 16,3 Kentwin note (JP).
16,30	INGENWULF <OF IBSTOCK>. See 16,24 Ingenwulf note (JP).
16,31	ROBERT <OF NAPTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	LEOFNOTH [* SON OF OSMUND *]. See 16,24 Leofnoth note (JP).
16,32	HERLEWIN <OF SHUCKBURGH>. The name Herlewin occurs nine times in Domesday Book and once more in Exon. There are no apparent connections between the Herlewin who held Shuckburgh and the tenants of Luddington (HUN 19,19) and Shelswell (NTH 4,32) though these are sufficiently close to be connected (JP).
16,33	ROBERT <OF NAPTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
16,34	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. The estates and identity of this Ordric, an uncle of Thorkil of Warwick, have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire', Anglo-Norman Studies, xi. (1989), p. 279-95. To her list should perhaps be added two holdings at Wishaw and Wormleighton (17,28;61), both of which devolved upon Thorkil of Warwick. The property at Wormleighton is surrounded by 'family' vills and Wishaw is adjacent to one, Lea Marston. Additionally, the holding at Wishaw was held at both dates, as were those at Calcutt and perhaps at Ettington. Two survivors with the same uncommon name, holding their properties at both dates and on the same fief, is an unlikely circumstance (JP).
16,35	HILLMORTON. Identified with Marton by Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire, queried by VCH Warwickshire, i. p. 314, followed without query by Place-Names of Warwickshire, and Domesday Gazetteer. VCH Warwickshire, i. p. 314 note 7, properly observed that Marton is always spelt Meretone in Domesday, and suggests Hillmorton. VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 342 note 2, confirmed the identification with Hillmorton, but left [?Marton] uncorrected in 16,35;37. The conclusion is plainly right, since Mortone is not Meretone, and there is only one Morton in Marton Hundred (JRM).
	MEREWIN <OF HILLMORTON>. The name Merewin occurs seven times in Domesday Book. The two Warwickshire holdings were almost certainly held by the same individual since they were shared with one Scroti, these being the only two occurrences of that name in Domesday Book. Given the rarity of the name, it is possible that the two Herefordshire properties - within easy reach - were held by the same individual though there are no other apparent links between them (JP).
	SCROTI. The name Scroti occurs three times in Domesday, all in Warwickshire (16,35-36. 37,7). Although the holding in Temple Grafton devolved upon a different tenant-in-chief from the two in Hillmorton and was some distance from them, it is probable that all three had been held by the same individual in 1066 given that the tenure of Temple Grafton and one of the Hillmorton properties was shared with a Merewin, these being the only two occurrences of that uncommon name in Warwickshire (JP).
	WALTHEOF <OF HILLMORTON>. According to von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 403 note 1, all the instances of this name in Domesday refer to the earl (FT); but this cannot be the case on these four holdings (16,35-37;45), three of them still held by Waltheof in 1086. Two, in fact, were held at both dates; and this plus the fact that three are in the same vill, make it virtually certain that they were held by one individual (JP).
16,36	WALTHEOF <OF HILLMORTON>. See 6,35 Waltheof note (JP).
	SCROTI. See 16,35 Scroti note (JP).
16,37	WALTHEOF <OF HILLMORTON>. See 6,35 Waltheof note (JP).
16,38	FULCO <OF CLAYBROOKE>. Identified by Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 202, who does not include the Leicestershire holding (LEC 44,7) though this was adjacent to two of the Warwickshire holdings, just across the county boundary and held from the same tenant-in-chief (JP).
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,39	FULCO <OF CLAYBROOKE>. See 16,38 Fulco note (JP).
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,40	ROBERT <OF NAPTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,41	SALO <OF BRAMCOTE>. See 14,4 Salo note (JP).
	ALGEAT <OF BULKINGTON>. The name Algeat occurs on four widely separated holdings in Domesday Book, all of modest value, none close to any other, and each devolving upon a different tenant-in-chief. All were probably held by different individuals in 1066 (JP).
16,42	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
16,43	THE COUNT [HOLDS]. The manuscript omits ten[et], as in 16,15. Both omissions are in the first entry on a page (JRM).
	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
16,45	WALTHEOF <OF HILLMORTON>. See 6,35 Waltheof note (JP).
16,46	HEREWARD <OF WEDDINGTON>. See 16,26 Hereward note (JP).
16,48	HEREWARD <OF WEDDINGTON>. See 16,26 Hereward note (JP).
16,49	THE COUNT'S MANOR OF STONELEIGH. Omitted from Domesday. The virgate was probably in Barnacle (JRM).
	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
16,51	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
16,52	ROBERT <OF NAPTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
16,53	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
	KETILBIORN <OF CUBBINGTON>. The name Ketilbiorn occurs on more than two dozen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing four or five individuals. The three Warwickshire properties devolved upon three tenants-in-chief; but as they lay in adjacent vills and are remote from other holdings of a Ketilbiorn, they are likely to have belonged to a single individual. This Ketilbiorn has been plausibly identified as a brother of Thorkil of Warwick, and an uncle, Leofwin, each having an interest in one of Ketilbiorn's three properties: Williams, 'Vice-comital Family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire' (JP).
16,54	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
16,55	COUNT'S MANOR. See 16,6 (JRM).
16,56	BOVI <OF ARLESCOTE>. See 16,16 Bovi note (JP).
16,57	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. The estates and identity of this Aelfric, an uncle of Thorkil of Warwick, have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital Family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire'. Three of these holdings (17,32. 22,20,27) are attributed to an Aelric, almost certainly a scribal error for Aelfric. The clearest case is that of the holding at Flecknoe itself, a vill in which three other relatives of Aelfric held land and Aelric held in 1086, a distinctive characteristic of the majority of Aelfric of Fleckoe's holdings and of those of several of his relatives and a characteristic shared with the other two holdings attributed to Aelric (JP).
16,58	TACHBROOK [MALLORY]. The brook that names the place (Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 258) separates the bishop's holding (2,3) from the lay holding; it is the boundary between hundreds, and also between the dioceses of Lichfield (Chester) and Worcester. The Bishop of Chester's holding lay in Worcester diocese (JRM).
	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. Baldwin's father, Herlewin, came to England even before the reign of Edward the Confessor. Baldwin himself had a substantial holding before the Conquest and survived to hold under the Conqueror. The bulk of his holdings can be established from his distinctive pre-Conquest name and the links which this establishes. His holdings in 1086 were significantly different from those in 1066, only two being in his hands at both dates (BUK 17,15;24). Broadly speaking, his pre-Conquest lands were re-distributed to Hugh of Grandmesnil and William son of Ansculf, with Miles Crispin obtaining three holdings and several other tenants-in-chief a manor apiece. William son of Ansculf then re-endowed him with the bulk of his post-Conquest fee. See Lewis, 'The French in England before the Norman Conquest'; Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 257-58; both lists include only Baldwin's pre-Conquest holdings (JP).
16,59	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	TUBBI <OF NEWBOLD>. The name Tubbi occurs twice in Domesday Book, on modest, widely separated holdings with no discernible connection to each other; they are likely to have belonged to different individuals (JP).
16,61	4 HIDES LESS 1 VIRGATE. Transposition marks correct the word order (JRM).
	"ESTAN" <OF LOXLEY>. Apart from the Bishop of Hereford, the name Estan occurs on fifteen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing seven or eight individuals. The closest namesake to the Estan of Loxley is at Weedon in Northamptonshire (NTH 18,29). Given the comparative rarity of the name, a connection is possible but there are no discernible links (JP).
16,63	FULCO <OF CLAYBROOKE>. See 16,38 Fulco note (JP).
16,64	ODARD <OF ILMINGTON>. The name Odard occurs on one fief and eight other holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing six individuals. The modest Warwickshire holding is remote from all others with which it has no tenurial or other links either before or after the Conquest. This is probably the sole property of Odard of Ilmington. Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 307, identifies this Odard (Odardus) with Howard (Huardus), tenant of Hugh of Grandmesnil in Leicestershire : LEC 13,32-33;52;74 (JP).
17	THORKIL OF WARWICK. That is, Thorkil of Arden (see 7,1 Hill note), son of Alwin, sheriff of Warwickshire before and after 1066. He was one of the few English magnates who retained their lands in 1086, but soon afterwards his inheritance (patrimonium) was granted by William II 'at the beginning of his reign' to the Earl of Warwick (see WAR 16 count note) 'to supplement the earldom (in comitatus supplementum)'; see Stevenson, Chronicon, ii. p. 20. The reason is not known. It may be that his son (7,1 Hill note) died before him, and that he left no direct heir. His family, the Ardens, held some land from the Earls of Warwick for another 200 years (JRM).
17,3	ANOTHER BICKENHILL. Perhaps Middle Bickenhill: Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 59 (JRM).
	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
17,4	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
17,6	ALWIN ^[THE SHERIFF]^. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,7	[IN COLESHILL HUNDRED]. In the entries of Thorkil's men's land, up to 17,61, seven hundred headings are omitted, one is misplaced, and only one (17,57) is rightly placed (JRM).
17,8	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. The name Almer is too common to be identified with particular individuals in most cases, but its distribution in Warwickshire is distinctive, and all these holdings may have been held by one individual. The estates of this Almer, an uncle of Thorkil of Warwick, have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire', Anglo-Norman Studies, xi. (1989), p. 279-95. Although four of them (17,15. 23,1-2;4) are attributed to an 'Aelmer' (Ailmarus), this is almost certainly a scribal error for 'Almer' (Almarus) as they have the characteristic links with 'family' vills or family members demonstrated by Ann Williams, reinforced by connections with Robert of Stafford and Robert d'Oilly (ibid. pp. 283-84). A fifth holding attributed to an 'Aelmer' (not listed by Dr Williams) is also probably an error for Almer of Barston since this property (28,2) was held in 1086, as were the majority of Almer's properties, and was inherited from his nephew, Thorkil of Warwick (JP).
	LONGDON. Merged with Ulverley in Solihull: Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 67 (JRM).
	ERNWULF <OF LONGDON>. The name Ernwulf occurs on eight or nine (if NTT 9,89 is included) holdings in Domesday Book, each probably belonging to a different individual. None of the holdings are substantial, all are distant from each other, and none shared English predecessors or Norman tenants-in-chief. Five of the holdings were pre-Conquest tenures, three or four post-Conquest. These latter may well have been of continental origin (as was certainly the case at Leake in Nottinghamshire), making more remote the slight possibility that any of the Ernwulfs were related to each other. The two Warwickshire holdings are more than 20 miles apart and have no apparent connections. It is not even certain that the two names are the same: Ernulfus in Bidford, Arnul in Longdon (JP).
17,9	[* ALMUND FATHER OF ALWARD *]. See 12,3 Almund note (JP).
17,10	EDWIN THE SHERIFF. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,13	DOSTHILL. See Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 17 (JRM).
	"UNTAIN". The Domesday form Vntain only occurs here in Domesday. It might represent Old Norse Otamr, Old Swedish Otam, or it might derive from Old English Wulfstan, or it might represent Old English Hunstan: von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 402. The printed Phillimore edition has Untan, but in view of the uncertainty, it has been decided to keep to the Domesday form. The Alecto edition has Untan. The Domesday name-forms Vntoni[us] of 17,69 and Vntan of STS 12,23, both rendered Untan in the Phillimore printed edition, might represent any of the same names, but they also have been retained in their Domesday form. The Alecto edition has Unton for 17,69 and Untan for STS 12,23.
		As there are no other holdings of people with Domesday name-forms resembling Untain, Untan and Unton and as the land of "Vnton" in Coughton (17,69) passed to Robert d'Oilly like the present land, it is likely that the names "Untain" and "Unton" represent the same individual despite Coughton and Dosthill being 25 miles apart. It is also likely that the "Untan" of STS 12,23 was the same person, though his land in Bradley passed to William son of Ansculf, and Bradley is 22 miles from Coughton and 17 miles from Dosthill.
17,15	THE ENTRY is duplicated in 23,4, with a different first line, listing 10 hides under Robert the bursar. The exact correspondence of unusual detail in the remaining four lines makes it unlikely that this is a divided holding like Myton (16,1 Myton note) and Shuttington (16,22-23). The probable cause of duplication and dispute is that the land was sold to Thorkil's father, but had been held by Robert the bursar's predecessor, Aelmer (JRM).
	[* ALMER *] <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
	ALWIN THE SHERIFF. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,16	BADDESLEY [ENSOR]. Rather than Baddesley Clinton; see VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 320 note 2; Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 14 (JRM).
	ARNKETIL <OF BADDESLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	CEOLRED <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Ceolred note (JP).
17,17	[IN MARTON HUNDRED]. Since 17,17-27 are all in Marton Hundred, the hundred heading at 17,28 is misplaced (JRM).
17,18	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. The estates and identity of this Edwin have been plausibly identified by Ann Williams, 'Vice-comital family in pre-Conquest Warwickshire', Anglo-Norman Studies, xi. (1989), p. 279-95. Napton (17,28) should probably be added to the estates listed there since it was surrounded by the 'family' vills of Calcutt, Flecknoe and Ladbrooke and acquired (like some other family holdings) by Robert (d'Oilly).
17,19	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,20	RICHARD [* THE FORESTER *]. The same man as Richard the hunter; see 44,7 hunter note.
	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,21	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,22	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,23	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,24	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,25	EDWULF <OF RUGBY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,26	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,27	FREEMEN. Franci homines occur, for example, in WOR 8,26, there meaning all the free men of Westminster's two hundreds (JRM).
17,28	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,29	OSLAC <OF FLECKNOE>. The name Oslac occurs on eighteen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing between thirteen and fifteen individuals. The distribution is curious, falling into four distinct groups, in Devon, Shropshire, the Midlands, and East Anglia and Essex. It is possible that the Midland group had all belonged to one individual, named Oslac White (NTH 1,21) since all of the properties lay within a radius of some 15 miles from the centre of the group and no other Oslacs occur with a hundred miles. Two of this group held land in 1086, a possible link between Oslac of Flecknoe and the Oslac of the holdings clustered around Lubenham (NTH 60,1). There are, however, no tenurial relationships between Oslac White and the Oslac of Flecknoe, Swinford and Lubenham which would help to confirm a linkage.
	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
17,30	HARDING [* SON OF ALNOTH *]. See 14,1 Harding note (JP).
17,31	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
17,32	[* AELFRIC *] <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
	ALWIN ^[THE SHERIFF]^. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,33	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	HEREWARD <OF WEDDINGTON>. See 16,26 Hereward note (JP).
17,36	GILBERT <OF HODNELL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
17,37	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
17,41	GODRIC <OF SHUTTINGTON>. See 16,22 Godric note (JP).
17,42	ALDGYTH <OF NEWTON>. The name Aldgyth occurs eighteen times in Domesday Book, probably representing a dozen individuals. As no other post-Conquest landowner of that name held land within 50 miles of this small property, it was probably the only possession of its holder (JP).
	[* COUNTESS *] GODIVA. Countess Godiva was the wife of Earl Leofric of Mercia, mother of Earl Algar and grandmother of Earls Edwin and Morcar. The name is not uncommon but there are few other Godivas who might be suspected of being the countess. Of those which lay within Leofricson territory, that at Furtho (NTH 18,34) was a modest holding, remote from others and without tenurial associations; it is unlikely to have belonged to the countess. Newton on the other hand lay close to the holdings of the countess in Warwickshire, and no other of Godiva held within the county. For the Staffordshire holdings see STS 11,37 Godiva note; and for Derbyshire, see DBY 3,2 Countess note. See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 217-18 (JP).
17,44	'BIGGIN'. Including both Biggin Farm and Biggin Mills: Place-Names of Warwickshire, pp. 117-18 (JRM).
17,47	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,48	[IN COLESHILL HUNDRED?]. Entered between places in ‘Bumbelowe’ Hundred and Stoneleigh Hundred. There is no Marston in Stoneleigh Hundred. Marston Jabbett in ‘Bumbelowe’ Hundred is unlikely; probably Lea Marston in Coleshill Hundred, rather than Marston-on-Avon in Marton Hundred. On the Marstons, see {Introduction: The Identification of Places}(JRM).
17,50	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
17,51	ARNKETIL <OF BADDESLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
17,53	WULFWY. Possibly identical with Wulfwin (JRM).
17,56	EDWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 17,18 Edwin note (JP).
	KETILB[IORN] <OF CUBBINGTON>. The manuscript has Chetelb[er]t[us]. An early modern English translation of a lost charter of 1072 (Eyton, 'Staffordshire Cartulary I', pp. 178-79, cited in VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 278) makes Ketelbearne brother of Thorkil, probably here intended (JRM). [See von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 304 note 4.]
		See also 16,53 Ketilbiorn note (JP).
17,57	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
17,58	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
17,59	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,60	MYTON. See 16,1 Myton note. The entry is inserted at the top of a column [folio 240d] in the middle of entries in ‘Hunesberi’ Hundred (JRM).
	R. HALEBOLD BOUGHT THIS LAND. Possibly for Hanc terram emit R. de Halebold ('R(obert) bought this land from Halebold'). Since Halebrix and Alebrix occur several times in Devon (von Feilitzen Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 180), apparently for Aelfric, Halebold might conceal Albold, or conceivably Haligbold, a man who had held from Thorkil (JRM).
17,61	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
17,62	TONNI <OF BERICOTE>. See 2,2 Tonni note (JP).
	ALWIN ^[THE SHERIFF]^. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
17,64	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
17,65	ALMER <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
17,67	CHESTERTON. The Abingdon Chronicle claimed that it was granted with Hill (7,1 Hill note) [by Thorkil of Arden: Stevenson, ii. p. 8] but does not mention the pledged hide (17,68) (JRM).
17,68	CHESTERTON. See 17,67 Chesterton note.
17,69	WILLIAM [* BONVALLET *]. Evidently William Bonvallet, since he held 1 house in Warwick; see B2 (JRM).
	"UNTON". See 17,13 "Untain" note.
17,70	NUNEATON. A possible, but unlikely, alternative is Water or Wood Eaton in Oxfordshire, held by Robert and his 'sworn brother' Roger of Ivry (OXF 28,5. 29,7). A lost place in "Fernecumbe" Hundred is possible (JRM).
	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
18,2	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,3	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,4	PALLI <OF MIDDLETON>. The name Palli occurs twice in Domesday Book, representing two individuals since it is improbable that the Warwickshire tenant was also the man holding a mill across the Bristol Channel (GLS 58,3).
18,7	LAPWORTH ½ HIDE. Hemming [Hearne, Hemingi Chartularium, p. 267] reports that the ½ hide paid one shilling a year to Worcester at the Feast of the Assumption, and the Worcester Register (folio 79 b, cited in VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 287) claimed 8d a year as church-tax at Martinmas (JRM). [The details contained in this note and in 18,7 Baldwin note are given in Hemming in a list of places in Worcestershire; those in Warwickshire are listed separately (pp. 277-79), where another Lappawurthin is mentioned in a list of lands alienated from the church of Worcester, but without any details. It is likely therefore that the Lappawurthin listed among Worcestershire places is in fact 'Lyppard' (WOR 2,71). This is supported by the fact that, according to Domesday, 'Lyppard' (but not Lapworth) 'paid 8d each year to the Church of Worcester for church tax and acknowledgement of the land'; moreover, a Baldwin was a subtenant. The existence of two places called Lappawurthin in different counties but with a connection to the church of Worcester, one with a Baldwin as subtenant, the other having been held by a Baldwin, is certainly an odd coincidence. Although Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 161, does not include any references to Warwickshire in her list of the holdings of Baldwin son of Herlewin, all the holdings of Baldwin in this county are included under Herlewin's son in Clarke, The English Nobility, p. 258; see also STS 12,15 Baldwin note.]
	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. ½ hide in Lapworth [Lappawurthin] was granted by Bishop Brictheah to Herlewin, his companion as escort to Cnut's daughter Gunhild at her marriage to [Henry, son of] the emperor Conrad in 1036: Hearne, Hemingi Chartularium, p. 267. Before 1066, a Baldwin son of Herlewin held manors in Gloucestershire (GLS 1,22) and Buckinghamshire (BUK 4,31). He is therefore probably the Baldwin who held Lapworth from Hugh, and perhaps also the Baldwin who was Hugh's predecessor in Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire, as well as the Warwickshire Baldwin (JRM). [This note assumes that Hemming's Lappawurthin is Lapworth; see, however, 18,7 Lapworth note.]
		See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,8	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,10	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,12	WHATCOTE. In the manuscript, read [in W]atercote. The last stroke of the W seems legible (JRM).
18,13	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,14	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
18,15	HUGH SON OF CONSTANTINE. [A William son of Constantine appears] in BUK 33 and ESS 74 (JRM).
18,16	BALDWIN [* SON OF HERLEWIN *]. See 16,58 Baldwin note (JP).
19	LAND OF HENRY OF FERRERS. His heirs were Earls of Derby and Nottingham, probably from 1138 (JRM).
19,1	SIWARD BARN. He joined Hereward, Edwin and Morcar in the Ely rebellion of 1071. 'Barn' probably had the same meaning as Old English cilt ('Childe', 'born to an inheritance', 'well born') (JRM). [See NTT S5 Siward note.]
19,3	WAZELIN <OF SUTTON>. A man of this name is also a tenant of Henry of Ferrers in Leicestershire (LEC 14,14) and Warwickshire (19,3;5). Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 445 (under Walchelin) identifies him with the Vasolinus who was a benefactor of Tutbury Priory (Tutbury Cartulary, p. 65 (= Monasticon Anglicanum, iii p. 392)), and as a possible relative of Henry of Ferrers and ancestor of the de Boscherville family (JP).
19,4	SASWALO <OF HOON>. According to VCH Warwickshire, i. pp. 281-82, he was ancestor of the Shirley family: see DBY 6,47 Saswalo note.
19,5	WAZELIN <OF SUTTON>. See 19,3 Wazelin note.
20,1	SO HE SAYS. The manuscript has ut dicit with a flourish to the top stroke of the -t; not, as Farley, ut dicit' suggesting dicit[ur] (JRM).
21	IN THE MANUSCRIPT there is a large space, of 2 ½ inches, between chapters 20 and 21 (JRM).
	LAND OF ROBERT D’OILLY. He was sheriff of Warwickshire from early to late 1080s (JRM).
21,1	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
22	LAND OF ROBERT OF STAFFORD. Younger brother of Ralph of Tosny, steward of Normandy. His heirs remained lords, and ultimately Earls of Stafford (JRM).
22,1	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. The name Vagn occurs nine times in Domesday Book, eight times in the Midlands and once in East Anglia, a distribution which may indicate two individuals. The seven Warwickshire holdings (22,1-2;4;6-7;9;23) form a compact group and devolved upon the same tenant-in-chief making it probable that this Vagn (Waga) was a single individual. The Staffordshire holding (STS 12,25), though acquired by a different tenant-in-chief, lay just across the county boundary, its proximity to the Warwickshire holdings of the man with this uncommon name suggesting that this, too, had belonged to the same person in 1066 (JP).
22,2	IN LORDSHIP [*** PLOUGHS]. The manuscript omits the figure for the number of ploughs after sunt (JRM).
	A PRIEST. His church was given by Robert II of Stafford to his foundation, Stone Priory between 1138 and 1147; see VCH Staffordshire, iv. p. 240
	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,3	GODWIN HELD IT FREELY. The manuscript has tenuit clearly; the -u- is underinked in most copies of Farley (JRM).
22,4	A PRIEST. His church was given by Robert II of Stafford to his foundation, Stone Priory between 1138 and 1147; see VCH Staffordshire, iv. p. 240.
	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,6	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,7	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,9	WOOTTON [WAWEN]. Named from Vagn, the T.R.E. holder.
		Wootton Wawen lay in Pathlow Hundred, three miles north-east of Pathlow, along the line of a possible Roman road from Stratford to Metchley (in Birmingham University grounds), but surrounded by places in "Fernecumbe" Hundred. Since Pathlow is central to the combined hundred, but on the border between the Domesday hundreds, it is likely that "Fernecumbe" Hundred, mentioned only in Domesday, was a comparatively recent separation from Pathlow Hundred. Wootton may have been entirely enclosed by "Fernecumbe" Hundred, or the narrow strip linking it with Pathlow, now followed by the Stratford Canal, may have remained in Pathlow Hundred (JRM).
	A PRIEST. Half his church, together with a mill was given by Robert II of Stafford to his foundation, Stone Priory between 1138 and 1147; see VCH Staffordshire, iv. p. 240
	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,10	WHICH [ARE] THERE. The Latin reads ii. car' q[uae] ibi ē (for sunt); this is a manuscript grammatical error (JRM).
22,11	THIS ENTRY is preceded by a small space, not shown in Farley (JRM).
	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
22,13	ALWY. Possibly intended for Alwin, 22,14 (JRM).
22,15	EWEIN. Iuuein is probably a form of the Welsh and Breton name Ewein, Owen. English Ewing, Iving (von Feilitzen Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, pp. 249, 300) is a possible but less likely alternative (JRM).
22,16	BRIAN <OF RAUCEBY>. The name Brian occurs without a byname on a dozen holdings in Domesday Book. Given the uncommon name and the geographical and tenurial patterns, there were probably three individuals bearing the name, the tenant of Robert of Stafford in Warwickshire, ancestor of the de Stanton family, being one of them. See also Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 171 (JP).
22,19	HUGH <OF MORTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	GRIMULF <OF MORTON>. The name Grimulf occurs on five holdings in Domesday Book. The Grimulf of this modest Warwickshire property is unlikely to be connected with his remote namesakes in Essex and Suffolk (JP).
22,20	[* AELFRIC *] <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
22,21	HUGH <OF MORTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	'[RUIN] CLIFFORD'. Across the river from Clifford Chambers. 'Ruin' from Old English rygen ('rye'); see Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 239 (JRM).
22,23	HERVEY <OF STRETTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	VAGN <OF WOLFORD>. See 22,1 Vagn note (JP).
22,24	"URFER" <OF HAUGHTON>. The name "Urfer" occurs on four holdings in Domesday Book, all held from the Robert of Stafford. The odds against one tenant-in-chief having two tenants with a name which was unique to his fief would involve a large number of zeros. His holdings were held by Roger son of Henry in 1166: Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 281 (JP).
22,25	DROGO <OF WHITLEY>. Note to be supplied (JP).
22,26	JUDICAEL [* THE PRIEST *]. The manuscript has Iudichel, rather than Ludichel, as Farley. In Domesday script, L and I are easily confused. The I of Iudichel here is exactly paralleled by the I of Iuhell, in 28,3.
		He is called a priest in a charter of Robert of Stafford, cited, without reference, in VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 286 (JRM).
22,27	[* AELFRIC *] <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
23	LAND OF ROBERT THE BURSAR. He was the brother of Urso of Abetot, sheriff of Worcestershire (JRM).
23,1	THE MARGINAL fr, in thinner letters, may be by the same hand, but might be later. Unexplained. It is conceivably intended to be completed as fr[ater] Ursonis ('brother of Urso') (JRM).
	AELMER [* ALMER *] <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
23,2	AELMER [* ALMER *] <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
23,3	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
23,4	BARSTON. See 17,15 entry note (JRM).
	AELMER [* ALMER *] <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
	ALWIN THE SHERIFF. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
24,1	THE VALUE WAS £[3?]. The manuscript is damaged: iii is discernible and probable, but iiii is possible (JRM).
	ALRIC [* AELRIC *] SON OF MERGEAT. See 24,2 Aelric note (JP).
24,2	AELRIC [* SON OF MERGEAT *]. Aelric son of Mergeat was Robert's predecessor in Warwickshire (24,1-2). He is probably the Aelric who preceded Robert of Vessey in Lincolnshire (LIN 37,1-2;6) and the Alric who preceded him in his single holding in Northamptonshire (NTH 29,1): VCH Leicestershire, i. p. 293. In Lincolnshire, the 5 holdings of an Aelric in the hands of Baldwin (LIN 65,1-5) had belonged to Doddington and Westminster Abbey before the Conquest, making it likely that this Aelric was also the son of Mergeat. The same man confirmed Doddington (Lincolnshire) with its jurisdiction of Thorpe-on-the Hill on Westminster Abbey (LIN 9,1-2. CK27): Bates, Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, no. 315 pp. 928-29, no. 324 pp. 945-55; see Harvey, Westminster Abbey Estates, p. 348 (JP).
25,1	EDRIC [* THE WILD *]. Probably Edric the wild, nephew or grandson of Edric Streona (see 1,6 shire note). His Herefordshire lands also passed to Ralph. He resisted the king until 1070, but accompanied him to Scotland in 1072. A confused local tradition reports a rebellion, that ended with his capture and imprisonment by Ralph (JRM).
26,1	BUDBROOKE. Written as though it were a hundred name (JRM).
27,2	STENKIL <OF WITTON>. The name Stenkil occurs seven times in Domesday Book, probably representing five individuals. All the properties were of modest size and value and, with the exception of two of the Lincolnshire holdings, widely separated, held from different tenants-in-chief, and with no other known connections between them. The Warwickshire Stenkil, who had held at both dates, was the only survivor among the seven (JP).
27,4	DROGO <OF EDGBASTON>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	ASKI <OF EDGBASTON>. Perhaps identical with Eskil, Aschi written for Aschil (JRM).
		Unless it is a variant form of Eskil (von Feilitzen, Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 168), the name Aski occurs four times in Domesday Book, on widely separated and modestly or poorly endowed holdings. There are no apparent links between this Aski and the one recorded Eskil in Warwickshire (17,15) (JP).
27,5	RICHARD. Ricoardus, probably for Ricardus (JRM).
27,6	THIS ENTRY is a duplicate of STS 12,22 (JRM). [See STS 12,22 entry note.]
	COUNTESS GODIVA. See 17,42 Godiva note (JP).
28	LAND OF WILLIAM SON OF CORBUCION. No space was left between the initial capital of this chapter heading and the preceding line; chapter number and title were added between the lines (JRM).
		William was appointed sheriff of Warwickshire soon after 1086 (JRM).
28,1	THORKIL BATTOCK. On the byname, see Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 288 (JRM).
28,2	[* ALMER *] <OF BARSTON>. See 17,8 Almer note (JP).
28,3	IUDHAEL <OF SECKINGTON>. Two other individuals bore this name - Iudhael of Totnes and Iudhael the reeve in Gloucestershire - neither of whom can be related to the Warwickshire tenant (JP).
28,4	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
28,8	JOHAIS. The name Johais occurs on two holdings in Domesday Book, both of which devolved upon the same tenant-in-chief. The chances of a tenant-in-chief have two predecessors with the same rare name are vanishingly small (JP).
	SAEWOLD <OF WESTON>. Apart from Abbot Saewold, whose name occurs only in Exon. (SOM 7,15 note), the name Saewold occurs on thirteen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing six individuals. The Saewold with one and a half ploughlands in Weston in 1066 had no namesakes sufficiently close to be plausibly linked to him (JP).
28,10	JOHAIS. See 28,8 Johais note (JP).
	VIKING <OF BARCHESTON>. The name Viking occurs on eighteen holdings in Domesday Book, probably representing five or six individuals. Two of the Warwickshire properties lay in the same vill, while the third is a similar distance from them as the single holding in Buckinghamshire (BUK 23,9). All four properties are of a similar, moderate size, and no other Viking occur within a hundred miles so it is possible that all four had belonged to one individual in 1066 though there are no other links to confirm this (JP).
28,14	8 STICKS OF EELS. See 3,3 stick note.
28,15	WILLIAM HOLDS 1 HIDE HIMSELF. Unusually, his men's land is entered first (JRM).
28,16	MARGINAL FIGURE. The marginal ii 7 d'. ('2 ½ ') are probably virgates, as in 28,17-18, or hides. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	A SALT-HOUSE. Salina comprehends all kinds of salt workings from coastal salt pans to the boilers of Worcestershire and Cheshire, with their associated sheds and buildings. 'Salt-house' is the most comprehensive term (JRM).
28,17	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
28,18	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
28,19	IN CUTTLESTONE HUNDRED. Cuttlestone is the name of a Staffordshire hundred and William's estate lay in that county in 1086 as later, being wrongly included in Warwickshire probably as a result of a misdivision of material when it was drawn from the putative circuit volume in which all the lands of William son of Corbucion in several counties were probably in a single schedule. The 'In Staffordshire' heading was perhaps missing or not noticed by the main scribe of Great Domesday. As a result of this misallocation, this estate does not appear in the Staffordshire folios, though an estate that William son of Corbucion held in Oxfordshire is wrongly entered there (see STS 12,30 entry note). This suggests that an 'In Oxfordshire' heading was also missing.
	CHILLINGTON. This was a place in Brewood Ancient Parish, Staffordshire. It lay in the Staffordshire hundred of Cuttlestone in 1086 and later: Feudal Aids, v. p. 2; Lay Subsidy Roll (1334), p. 282. Chillington was probably, in 1086, an alienated part of the Bishop of Chester's important and ancient estate of Brewood (STS 2,1). It was entered in error in the Warwickshire folios, though under the heading of a Staffordshire hundred (Cuttlestone); see 28,19 Cuttlestone note.
		This estate was still in the hands of the Corbucion family in the late twelfth century when Peter Corbucion granted it to his wife's nephew. However, it appears by then to have been restored to the Bishopric of Chester because the Corbucion family was holding under the Bishop of Chester; see Feudal Aids, v. p. 2.
		. It seems then to have included Hyde [represented by Hyde Farm, SJ8707] and Ackbury [represented by Ackbury Heath, SJ8707]; see Wrottesley, 'Staffordshire Chartulary III', pp. 202-10.
		Chillington Hall is at SJ863067, Chillington Farm at SJ861073; the Grid Reference (SJ8607) is to the latter.
	THE BISHOP OF CHESTER CLAIMS. It seems very likely that Chillington had once been part of the Bishop of Chester's estate of Brewood (STS 2,1). It appears to have been restored to the bishopric by 1182; see Feudal Aids, v. p. 2; Lay Subsidy Roll (1334), p. 282; VCH Staffordshire, v. p. 28.
29,1	EARL RALPH. Of Hereford, 1053 (or earlier) to 1057, nephew of King Edward, responsible for the first Norman castles in England. See WAR 38 Harold note (JRM).
29,2	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
29,4	HUGH <OF SPERNALL>. Note to be supplied (JP).
30	LAND OF GEOFFREY DE MANDEVILLE. He was ancestor of the earls of Essex. He received Esger's extensive lands throughout England (JRM).
30,2	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
31,1	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	MONKS OF SAINT-NICOLAS [* OF ANGERS *]. Saint-Nicolas of Angers. La Guerche lies on the road from Angers to Rennes, just west of the border between Anjou and Brittany; Geoffrey also held Pouancé, just on the Anjou side of the border. The grant (charter cited in VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 275, from Nichols, History of Leicestershire, ii. Appendix, p. 125), dated 1 July 1077, was witnessed by Geoffrey's wife, named Aelfeva. Her English name suggests that Geoffrey may have acquired his Warwickshire lands through her, by inheritance rather than by confiscation; she may have been Leofwin's heiress (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. Since Leofwin held Newnham Paddox, he is probably Leofwin of Newnham (37,9); distinct from Leofwin of Nuneham Courtenay (BUK 57) (JRM).
		Leofwin and his son Leofric were the predecessors of Geoffrey in five counties, providing the bulk of his fief: see Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 321-22; Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest, p. 12; and LEC 29 Geoffrey note (JP).
31,2	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,3	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,4	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,5	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,6	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,7	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
	SOTI. A Scandinavian name (von Feilitzen Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 368), not French (as Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 92). Soting occurs in Buckinghamshire and Berkshire (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,8	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,9	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,10	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,11	ANSEGIS <OF HARBOROUGH>. As the only two occurrences of this name in Domesday are in vills not five miles apart, it is probable that they belonged to the same individual in 1086 (JP).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
31,12	HOPSFORD. See Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 121 (JRM).
	LEOFWIN [* OF NEWNHAM *]. See 31,1 Leofwin note (JP).
33	LAND OF GILBERT SON OF TUROLD. That is, Gilbert of Bouillé, see B2 Gilbert note (JRM).
33,1	KENWARD. The name Kenward occurs seven times in Domesday Book, on holdings which cluster near the borders of Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. Three devolved upon Gilbert son of Thorold who is unlikely to have had three predecessors with this uncommon name; the three others, subinfeudated by the Bishop of Worcester to Robert the bursar, are equally unlikely to have been held by different individuals. Gilbert's holdings lay either side of Robert's, while the seventh property was adjacent to Gilbert's holding at Oakley. It is probable therefore that all seven holdings had belonged to the same individual in 1066 (JP).
34	GERIN. Keats-Rohan, Domesday People, p. 208, identifies Gerin as Gerwy of Les Loges, a Gloucestershire landowner (GLS 67,3. 76,1); see GLS 76,1 Gerwy note. A Gerin held land at Ningwood on the Isle of Wight (IoW9,18) which appears to be referred to in another Hampshire holding (1,37) of Gerwy (Ghervius), presumably the same individual so one or other of these forms appears to be a scribal error; but neither Ningwood or another holding of Gerin in Southampton (HAM S2) is included in Domesday People. (JP).
35	LAND OF URSO OF ABETOT. Sheriff of Worcestershire (JRM).
35,1	A SALT-HOUSE. See 28,16 salt-house note (JRM).
36	STEPHEN [* SON OF ERHARD *]. See B2 steersman note (JP).
36,1	[LITTLE] DORSINGTON. See Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 201 (JRM).
36,2	BISHOP WULFSTAN [* OF WORCESTER *]. Of Worcester, see 3,4 Wulfstan note (JRM).
37	OSBERN SON OF RICHARD. Of Richard's Castle (HEF 24,13). He was one of the few Normans whom Godwin permitted to remain in England after 1052 (JRM).
37,4	HUGH <OF BARFORD>. Note to be supplied (JP).
37,5	HUGH <OF BARFORD>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	LUDRIC <OF HILLBOROUGH>. On the personal name, see von Feilitzen Pre-Conquest Personal Names of Domesday Book, p. 321 (JRM).
		The name Ludric occurs on two holdings of modest value, separated by 50 miles or more, which devolved upon different tenants-in-chief. It is likely they were held by different individuals in 1066 (JP).
37,6	HUGH <OF BARFORD>. Note to be supplied (JP).
	IPSLEY. Now in Worcestershire (JRM)
37,7	MEREWIN <OF HILLMORTON>. See 16,35 Merewin note (JP).
	SCROTI. See 16,35 Scroti note (JP).
	TOTI <OF GRAFTON>. The name Toti occurs on eight holdings, probably representing six individuals. Toti does not appear to be related to Azur son of Toti who held extensively in Buckinghamshire and Middlesex, with three outlying properties in Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. Warwickshire is the only county in which Toti also appears; and although his property there is not too distant from those of Azur, there are no apparent connections between them. The Toti of Grafton shared a modest holding with three other men and is unlikely to be connected to other Totis, all of whose holdings devolved upon other tenants-in-chief and were some distance away (JP).
	TOSTI <OF GRAFTON>. If the earl and Tosti of Sawtry are excluded, Tosti is an uncommon, even rare name. This modest holding is remote from others held by an unidentified Tosti and likely to have been the only possession of its holder (JP).
37,9	MOLLINGTON. Divided between Warwickshire, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire in Domesday; now all in Oxfordshire (JRM). [Parts of Mollington were entered in three counties (NTH 35,26. OXF 17,7. WAR 37,9). The place was long divided between Warwickshire and Oxfordshire, but it is possible that the portion included in Northamptonshire was entered there erroneously and that it was actually in Oxfordshire in 1086; see NTH 35,26 Mollington note.]
38	HAROLD SON OF EARL RALPH. See 29,1 Ralph note. Ewias Harold (HEF 19,1) preserves his name (JRM).
38,1	MARGINAL FIGURE. See 16,5 marginal note (JRM).
39,1	LEAMINGTON [HASTINGS]. The manuscript has LVNNJTONE; Farley, in error, LVNINTONE (JRM).
	AZUR [* SON OF TOTI *]. The lands of the royal thane, Azur son of Toti, and his men were distributed among no fewer than nine tenants-in-chief; but he is named at least once in relation to seven of them which allows his other holdings acquired by them to be identified. The bulk of his estates, many of them substantial, lay in Buckinghamshire, though the most valuable manor was at Stanwell (MDX 11,1) in Middlesex. Their substance and his status make it likely that a single individual is involved. Among the lesser holdings, his men whose holdings devolved upon the Count of Mortain (BUK 12,25-26) had no other lord named Azur in the county, or indeed the circuit, to choose from. Hascoit's predecessor Azur is identified as the son of Toti in Buckinghamshire (BUK 49,1). See also Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 253-54 (JP).
39,4	AZUR [* SON OF TOTI *]. See 39,1 Azur note (JP).
40	NICHOLAS THE BOWMAN. See B2 bowman note (JRM).
40,1	AILSTONE. Three Shire Ash (SP2351) marks the county boundaries before 1931 (JRM).
40,2	A SALT-HOUSE. See 28,16 salt-house note (JRM).
	1 BURGESS. Evidently the occupier of Nicholas' house in Warwick, B2 (JRM).
41,2	"ALTONE". JRM identified Hatton (SP2367) in "Fernecumbe"} Hundred with the note: 'so VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 340 note 6, probably rightly. Alton (Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 154) is first noted in 1789'. However, the early forms of Hatton are Hectona, Hetton, Haiton (Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 212), so the place has been left unidentified for the time being.
42	LAND OF CHRISTINA. She was sister of Prince Edgar, grand-daughter of King Edmund Ironside. She became a nun at Romsey in 1086 (JRM).
		See also B2 Christina note (JP).
42,1	ULVERLEY [GREEN]. Merged with Longdon in Solihull; see Place-Names of Warwickshire, p. 67 (JRM).
42,2	[OLD] ARLEY. This place belonged (belimpeth) to Itchington before 1001 (Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus, no. 705 [= Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, no. 898]) and was therefore in later record a detached part of Marton Hundred. Domesday emphasises that it had not yet been transferred out of its geographical hundred in 1086. Cum hac ... terra may have linked Arley to Itchington before the text was arranged under hundreds (JRM).
43,1	[* COUNTESS *] GODIVA, EARL LEOFRIC'S WIFE. See 17,42 Godiva note (JP).
43,2	BICKMARSH. Now in Worcestershire. Three Shire Elms (SP1048) marks the county boundaries before 1931 (JRM).
		1 hide of Bickmarsh is entered in Gloucestershire (GLS 78,7), also held by Edith [in both 1066 and 1086], with 2 ploughs in lordship, 1 villager, 1 smallholder, and 4 slaves, value 20s before and after 1066 (JRM).
44,1	RICHARD THE FORESTER. Warden of Cannock Chase for which he received tres partes de Cestreton' ('three parts of Chesterton', where he held 3 of its 7 hides) according to the Book of Fees, cited in VCH Warwickshire. i. p. 291. See also STS 13. The office is rare in Domesday (JRM).
		Richard the forester held land in Staffordshire and in Warwickshire in Domesday Book. In Staffordshire he has a chapter of his own (STS 13), while in Warwickshire he shares a chapter with the king's thanes and servants holding six manors (44,1-6) and probably two more (44,7-8) as he appears to be the same man as Richard the hunter (44,7 hunter note). Of these estates, Walsgrave-on-Sowe (44,7) and Chesterton (44,8) are later specifically said (in Book of Fees, pp. 1275, 1277-78) to have been granted for guarding the forest of Cannock (in Staffordshire). This may have been the case in 1086 and Richard the forester/ Richard the hunter may have held his Staffordshire fief and his Warwickshire lands by forest-serjeanty. The post was probably hereditary.
		A long entry in the Book of Fees, p. 1277, relating to the years 1251-52, explains how Hugh de Loges came to hold Walsgrave-on-Sowe and other lands. William the Conqueror enfeoffed a certain servant (or serjeant), Richard Cheven, with lands for guarding the forest of Cannock. From Richard's daughter the lands passed to her son, William Croc. After he was hanged, the king gave the lands to Robert de Brok married to the sister of William Croc. From Robert de Brok the lands went to his daughter Margery who married Hugh de Loges. From Hugh de Loges the land passed to his son, also called Hugh. The lands involved, apart from Walsgrave-on-Sowe, were apparently Grandborough (44,3), Shuckburgh (44,4), Hillmorton (44,5) Radway, (44,6) and Chesterton (44,8). In Domesday these are held either by Richard the forester or Richard the hunter. Although the details of the descents vary, all were later held by Hugh de Loges, apart from Shuckburgh (which certainly descended to Robert de Brok) and Hillmorton which went to Walter Croc and Henry Croc. The estates of Harborough and Bramcote (44,1-2) followed a different descent, as did most of the lands of Richard the forester in Staffordshire. They went to Randulf of Knutton; see STS 13 Richard note. On the other hand, the descent of Rodbaston (STS 13,9) was to Hugh de Loges who was holding it of the same serjeanty as Chesterton.
		Thus it appears that Richard Cheven, Richard the forester and Richard the hunter were the same person. This was the conclusion of Dugdale and Erdeswick, Survey of Staffordshire; see Eyton, Domesday Studies: Staffordshire, pp. 55-56, 90; Bridgeman, 'Unidentified Domesday Vills', p. 29. The latter has a genealogy. There are no other instances where a man is called both a forester and a hunter in Domesday, though the link is an easy one. In the present case, it would be surprising if the main scribe of Great Domesday gave the same Richard distinctive appellations in such proximity to each other. On the other hand, Richard the hunter holds in hundreds that differ from those where Richard the forester holds, so it is possible that different hundred juries gave Richard different names.
		The name Cheven (Chiven in Book of Fees, p. 1275) is unexplained. It calls to mind the Domesday Chenuin (Cynewin) who held land in Codsall in Staffordshire both in 1066 and 1086 (STS 17,1). That name is Old English Cynewine; see STS 17,1 Cynewine note. It is possible that an Englishman called Cynewin gave his son a French name, but the land attributed to Cynewin in Domesday, did not follow the same descent as lands held by Richard the forester or Richard the hunter; see Eyton, Domesday Studies: Staffordshire, p. 56. However, Cheven may be of French origin: there are French surnames Chevin and Chavin which are variants of the same Old French word which, like Chavet and Chavot, is a topographical diminutive ('little hollow'), from Latin cavus ('hollow'). Chavin is also the name of a place in the French département of Indre; but that is far from the usual source of William the Conqueror's followers. Another French surname, Chevène, giving the English surname Chevins or Chevis, is derived from the name for a fish, the chubb and refers to a man with a large head; see Dauzat, Dictionnaire des Noms de Famille et Prénoms; Reaney, Dictionary of British Surnames.
44,2	RICHARD ^[THE FORESTER]^. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
	SAXI <OF AYLESTONE>. See 16,9 Saxi note (JP).
44,3	RICHARD ^[THE FORESTER]^. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
	BONDI. Directed to its proper place by transposition signs (JRM).
44,4	RICHARD ^[THE FORESTER]^. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
44,5	RICHARD ^[THE FORESTER]^. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
	VIKING <OF BARCHESTON>. See 28,10 Viking note (JP).
44,6	EARL RALPH. See 29,1 Ralph note.
44,7	RICHARD THE HUNTER. Richard is holder of Chesterton, therefore identical with the forester. Venator (Tengvik, Old English Bynames, p. 273) is a commoner Domesday term, not normally used of foresters. It need not imply an appointment; marked enthusiasm or skill in hunting inspired several bynames (Venner, Grosvenor, etc.). In 1086 hereditary bynames were a recent but growing Norman fashion (Freeman, Norman Conquest, v. p. 563; Tengvik, Old English Bynames, pp. 10-22) (JRM). [These two manors (44,7-8) follow those allotted to Richard the forester (44,1-6). They have a similar descent as some of those manors; see 44,1 Richard note.]
	KOLBRAND <OF WALSGRAVE>. The name Kolbrand occurs six times in Domesday Book, on modest holdings scattered between Devon and Yorkshire There are no apparent connections between the other holdings and that in Warwickshire (JP).
44,8	RICHARD THE HUNTER. See 44,1 Richard note and 44,7 hunter note.
44,9	AELFRIC <OF FLECKNOE>. See 16,57 Aelfric note (JP).
	VIKING <OF BARCHESTON>. See 28,10 Viking note (JP).
44,11	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
	ALWIN [* THE SHERIFF *]. Possibly the sheriff (JRM).See 5,1 Alwin note (JP).
44,12	THE ENTRY duplicates the details of 3,7 (JRM).
	LEOFWIN <OF ALVESTON>. See 3,4 Leofwin note (JP).
44,13	ORDRIC <OF ETTINGTON>. See 16,34 Orderic note (JP).
44,14	FOURTH PART. Probably iiii[am]parte[m] rather than iiii parte[s] ['4 parts'] (JRM).
44,16	ANSEGIS <OF HARBOROUGH>. See 31,11 Ansegis note (JP).
45	THE CHAPTER is an insertion at the foot of the column in closer lettering, interrupting chapter 44 (JRM).