@article { , title = {Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019}, abstract = {© 2020 Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings: Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95\% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6\% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach \$1398 pooled health spending per capita (US\$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation: The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC. Funding: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9}, eissn = {1474-547X}, issn = {0140-6736}, journal = {The Lancet}, note = {Burden of Disease Study 2019 GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators*}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Elsevier}, url = {https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/3585062}, keyword = {Health and Health Inequalities, General Medicine}, year = {2020}, author = {Barthelemy, Celine M. and Abrigo, Michael R.M. and Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. and Adebayo, Oladimeji M. and Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. and Advani, Shailesh M. and Albertson, Samuel B. and Almasri, Nihad A. and Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. and Almulhim, Abdulaziz M. and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. and Altirkawi, Khalid A. and Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. and Amit, Arianna Maever L. and Amugsi, Dickson A. and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Antony, Catherine M. and Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. and Asadi-Pooya, Ali A. and Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi and Azzopardi, Peter S. and B, Darshan B. and Badiye, Ashish D. and Bakkannavar, Shankar M. and Ashbaugh, Charlie and Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin and Ausloos, Marcel and Avila-Burgos, Leticia and Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina and Ayano, Getinet and Ayanore, Martin Amogre and Aynalem, Yared Asmare and Aynalem, Getie Lake and Ayza, Muluken Altaye and Azari, Samad and Babaee, Ebrahim and Bahrami, Mohammad Amin and Baig, Atif Amin and Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein and Bakhtiari, Ahad and Balachandran, Arun and Balassyano, Shelly and Banach, Maciej and Ancuceanu, Robert and Anderlini, Deanna and Andrei, Catalina Liliana and Androudi, Sofia and Ansari, Fereshteh and Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza and Antriyandarti, Ernoiz and Anvari, Davood and Anwer, Razique and Arabloo, Jalal and Arab-Zozani, Morteza and Aremu, Olatunde and Ärnlöv, Johan and Asaad, Malke and Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran and Almasi, Ali and Almasi-Hashiani, Amir and Alonso, Jordi and Alvis-Guzman, Nelson and Amini, Saeed and Amini-Rarani, Mostafa and Amiri, Fatemeh and Alhassan, Robert Kaba and Ali, Muhammad and Ali, Saqib and Alipour, Vahid and Aljunid, Syed Mohamed and Alla, François and Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad and Ahmad, Tauseef and Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola and Alahdab, Fares and Al-Aly, Ziyad and Alam, Khurshid and Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta and Afshin, Ashkan and Agarwal, Gina and Agasthi, Pradyumna and Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem and Agrawal, Anurag and Adelson, Jaimie and Adekanmbi, Victor and Adham, Davoud and Lozano, Rafael and Fullman, Nancy and Mumford, John Everett and Knight, Megan and Barthelemy, Celine M and Abbafati, Cristiana and Abbastabar, Hedayat and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abdollahi, Mohammad and Abedi, Aidin and Abolhassani, Hassan and Abosetugn, Akine Eshete and Abreu, Lucas Guimarães and Abrigo, Michael R M and Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid and Abushouk, Abdelrahman I and Adabi, Maryam and Adebayo, Oladimeji M and Adekanmbi, Victor and Adelson, Jaimie and Adetokunboh, Olatunji O and Adham, Davoud and Advani, Shailesh M and Afshin, Ashkan and Agarwal, Gina and Agasthi, Pradyumna and Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem and Agrawal, Anurag and Ahmad, Tauseef and Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola and Alahdab, Fares and Al-Aly, Ziyad and Alam, Khurshid and Albertson, Samuel B and Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta and Alhassan, Robert Kaba and Ali, Muhammad and Ali, Saqib and Alipour, Vahid and Aljunid, Syed Mohamed and Alla, François and Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad and Almasi, Ali and Almasi-Hashiani, Amir and Almasri, Nihad A and Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M and Almulhim, Abdulaziz M and Alonso, Jordi and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M and Altirkawi, Khalid A and Alvis-Guzman, Nelson and Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J and Amini, Saeed and Amini-Rarani, Mostafa and Amiri, Fatemeh and Amit, Arianna Maever L and Amugsi, Dickson A and Ancuceanu, Robert and Anderlini, Deanna and Andrei, Catalina Liliana and Androudi, Sofia and Ansari, Fereshteh and Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T and Antony, Catherine M and Antriyandarti, Ernoiz and Anvari, Davood and Anwer, Razique and Arabloo, Jalal and Arab-Zozani, Morteza and Aravkin, Aleksandr Y and Aremu, Olatunde and Ärnlöv, Johan and Asaad, Malke and Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran and Asadi-Pooya, Ali A and Ashbaugh, Charlie and Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin and Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi and Ausloos, Marcel and Avila-Burgos, Leticia and Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina and Ayano, Getinet and Ayanore, Martin Amogre and Aynalem, Yared Asmare and Aynalem, Getie Lake and Ayza, Muluken Altaye and Azari, Samad and Azzopardi, Peter S and B, Darshan B and Babaee, Ebrahim and Badiye, Ashish D and Bahrami, Mohammad Amin and Baig, Atif Amin and Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein and Bakhtiari, Ahad and Bakkannavar, Shankar M and Balachandran, Arun and Balassyano, Shelly and Banach, Maciej and Banerjee, Srikanta K and Banik, Palash Chandra and Bante, Agegnehu Bante and Bante, Simachew Animen and Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn and Bärnighausen, Till Winfried and Barrero, Lope H and Bassat, Quique and Basu, Sanjay and Baune, Bernhard T and Bayati, Mohsen and Baye, Bayisa Abdissa and Bedi, Neeraj and Beghi, Ettore and Behzadifar, Masoud and Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye and Bell, Michelle L and Bensenor, Isabela M and Berman, Adam E and Bernabe, Eduardo and Bernstein, Robert S and Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth and Bhandari, Dinesh and Bhardwaj, Pankaj and Bhat, Anusha Ganapati and Bhattacharyya, Krittika and Bhattarai, Suraj and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Bijani, Ali and Bikbov, Boris and Bilano, Ver and Biondi, Antonio and Birihane, Binyam Minuye and Bockarie, Moses John and Bohlouli, Somayeh and Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa and Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao and Boloor, Archith and Brady, Oliver J and Braithwaite, Dejana and Briant, Paul Svitil and Briggs, Andrew M and Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich and Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath and Busse, Reinhard and Butt, Zahid A and Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano and Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero and Cámera, Luis Alberto and Cárdenas, Rosario and Carreras, Giulia and Carrero, Juan J and Carvalho, Felix and Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio and Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A and Castelpietra, Giulio and Castro, Franz and Catalá-López, Ferrán and Causey, Kate and Cederroth, Christopher R and Cercy, Kelly M and Cerin, Ester and Chandan, Joht Singh and Chang, Angela Y and Charan, Jaykaran and Chattu, Vijay Kumar and Chaturvedi, Sarika and Chin, Ken Lee and Cho, Daniel Youngwhan and Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine and Christensen, Hanne and Chu, Dinh-Toi and Chung, Michael T and Ciobanu, Liliana G and Cirillo, Massimo and Comfort, Haley and Compton, Kelly and Cortesi, Paolo Angelo and Costa, Vera Marisa and Cousin, Ewerton and Dahlawi, Saad M A and Damiani, Giovanni and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Darega Gela, Jiregna and Darwesh, Aso Mohammad and Daryani, Ahmad and Dash, Aditya Prasad and Davey, Gail and Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto and Davletov, Kairat and De Neve, Jan-Walter and Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar and Deribe, Kebede and Dervenis, Nikolaos and Desai, Rupak and Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda and Dhungana, Govinda Prasad and Dianatinasab, Mostafa and Dias da Silva, Diana and Diaz, Daniel and Dippenaar, Ilse N and Do, Hoa Thi and Dorostkar, Fariba and Doshmangir, Leila and Duncan, Bruce B and Duraes, Andre Rodrigues and Eagan, Arielle Wilder and Edvardsson, David and El Sayed, Iman and El Tantawi, Maha and Elgendy, Islam Y and Elyazar, Iqbal RF and Eskandari, Khalil and Eskandarieh, Sharareh and Esmaeilnejad, Saman and Esteghamati, Alireza and Ezekannagha, Oluchi and Farag, Tamer and Farahmand, Mohammad and Faraon, Emerito Jose A and Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá and Farioli, Andrea and Faris, Pawan Sirwan and Faro, Andre and Fazlzadeh, Mehdi and Feigin, Valery L and Fernandes, Eduarda and Ferrara, Pietro and Feyissa, Garumma Tolu and Filip, Irina and Fischer, Florian and Fisher, James L and Flor, Luisa Sorio and Foigt, Nataliya A and Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin and Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich and Foroutan, Masoud and Francis, Joel Msafiri and Fu, Weijia and Fukumoto, Takeshi and Furtado, João M and Gad, Mohamed M and Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Galles, Natalie C and Gallus, Silvano and Gardner, William M and Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle and Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen and Gebremeskel, Leake G and Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn and Gesesew, Hailay Abrha and Ghadiri, Keyghobad and Ghafourifard, Mansour and Ghashghaee, Ahmad and Ghith, Nermin and Gholamian, Asadollah and Gilani, Syed Amir and Gill, Paramjit Singh and Gill, Tiffany K and Ginindza, Themba G and Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan and Giussani, Giorgia and Glagn, Mustefa and Gnedovskaya, Elena V and Godinho, Myron Anthony and Goharinezhad, Salime and Gopalani, Sameer Vali and Goudarzian, Amir Hossein and Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia and Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen and Guimarães, Rafael Alves and Guled, Rashid Abdi and Gultie, Teklemariam and Guo, Yuming and Gupta, Rajeev and Gupta, Rahul and Hafezi-Nejad, Nima and Hafiz, Abdul and Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher and Hamadeh, Randah R and Hameed, Sajid and Hamidi, Samer and Han, Chieh and Han, Hannah and Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes and Hanif, Asif and Hankey, Graeme J and Haro, Josep Maria and Hasaballah, Ahmed I and Hasan, Md Mehedi and Hashi, Abdiwahab and Hassan, Shoaib and Hassan, Amr and Hassanipour, Soheil and Hassankhani, Hadi and Havmoeller, Rasmus J and Hay, Simon I and Hayat, Khezar and Heidari, Golnaz and Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza and Hendrie, Delia and Herteliu, Claudiu and Hird, Thomas R and Ho, Hung Chak and Hole, Michael K and Holla, Ramesh and Hollingsworth, Bruce and Hoogar, Praveen and Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury and Horita, Nobuyuki and Hossain, Naznin and Hosseini, Mostafa and Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi and Hostiuc, Mihaela and Hostiuc, Sorin and Househ, Mowafa and Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong and Hu, Guoqing and Huda, Tanvir M and Humayun, Ayesha and Hwang, Bing-Fang and Iavicoli, Ivo and Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel and Ikeda, Nayu and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Ilic, Irena M and Ilic, Milena D and Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja and Iqbal, Usman and Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi and Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter and Islam, M Mofizul and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Islami, Farhad and Iso, Hiroyasu and Iwu, Chinwe Juliana and Iwu, Chidozie C D and Jaafari, Jalil and Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad and Jafarinia, Morteza and Jahagirdar, Deepa and Jahani, Mohammad Ali and Jahanmehr, Nader and Jakovljevic, Mihajlo and Janjani, Hosna and Javaheri, Tahereh and Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra and Jenabi, Ensiyeh and Jha, Ravi Prakash and Jha, Vivekanand and Ji, John S and Jia, Peng and John-Akinola, Yetunde O and Jonas, Jost B and Joukar, Farahnaz and Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy and Jürisson, Mikk and Kabir, Zubair and Kalankesh, Leila R and Kalhor, Rohollah and Kamath, Aruna M and Kanchan, Tanuj and Kapoor, Neeti and Karami Matin, Behzad and Karanikolos, Marina and Karimi, Seyed M and Kassebaum, Nicholas J and Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal and Kayode, Gbenga A and Keiyoro, Peter Njenga and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khammarnia, Mohammad and Khan, Maseer and Khan, Ejaz Ahmad and Khang, Young-Ho and Khatab, Khaled and Khater, Amir M and Khater, Mona M and Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli and Khayamzadeh, Maryam and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Kianipour, Neda and Kim, Young-Eun and Kim, Yun Jin and Kimokoti, Ruth W and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kisa, Adnan and Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna and Kivimäki, Mika and Kneib, Cameron J and Kocarnik, Jonathan M and Kochhar, Sonali and Kohler, Stefan and Kopec, Jacek A and Korotkova, Anna V and Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich and Kosen, Soewarta and Kotlo, Anirudh and Koul, Parvaiz A and Koyanagi, Ai and Krishan, Kewal and Krohn, Kris J and Kugbey, Nuworza and Kulkarni, Vaman and Kumar, G Anil and Kumar, Nithin and Kumar, Manasi and Kurmi, Om P and Kusuma, Dian and Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe and La Vecchia, Carlo and Lacey, Ben and Lal, Dharmesh Kumar and Lalloo, Ratilal and Landires, Iván and Lansingh, Van Charles and Larsson, Anders O and Lasrado, Savita and Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming and Lauriola, Paolo and Lazarus, Jeffrey V and Ledesma, Jorge R and Lee, Paul H and Lee, Shaun Wen Huey and Leever, Andrew T and LeGrand, Kate E and Leigh, James and Leonardi, Matilde and Li, Shanshan and Lim, Stephen S and Lim, Lee-Ling and Liu, Xuefeng and Logroscino, Giancarlo and Lopez, Alan D and Lopukhov, Platon D and Lotufo, Paulo A and Lu, Alton and Ma, Jianing and Madadin, Mohammed and Mahasha, Phetole Walter and Mahmoudi, Morteza and Majeed, Azeem and Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N and Maleki, Shokofeh and Malta, Deborah Carvalho and Mansouri, Borhan and Mansournia, Mohammad Ali and Martini, Santi and Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio and Martopullo, Ira and Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard and Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I and Mathur, Manu Raj and McAlinden, Colm and McKee, Martin and Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo and Meharie, Birhanu Geta and Mehndiratta, Man Mohan and Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar and Mehri, Fereshteh and Mehrotra, Ravi and Mekonnen, Teferi and Melese, Addisu and Memiah, Peter T N and Mendoza, Walter and Menezes, Ritesh G and Mensah, George A and Meretoja, Tuomo J and Meretoja, Atte and Mestrovic, Tomislav and Miazgowski, Bartosz and Michalek, Irmina Maria and Mirrakhimov, Erkin M and Mirzaei, Maryam and Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi and Mitchell, Philip B and Moazen, Babak and Moghadaszadeh, Masoud and Mohamadi, Efat and Mohammad, Yousef and Mohammad, Dara K and Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah and Mohammed, Shafiu and Mohammed, Jemal Abdu and Mokdad, Ali H and Monasta, Lorenzo and Mondello, Stefania and Moradi, Masoud and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah and Moraga, Paula and Morgado-da-Costa, Joana and Morrison, Shane Douglas and Mosapour, Abbas and Mosser, Jonathan F and Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin and Muriithi, Moses K and Mustafa, Ghulam and Nabhan, Ashraf F and Naderi, Mehdi and Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman and Naghavi, Mohsen and Naghshtabrizi, Behshad and Naimzada, Mukhammad David and Nangia, Vinay and Nansseu, Jobert Richie and Nayak, Vinod C and Nazari, Javad and Ndejjo, Rawlance and Negoi, Ionut and Negoi, Ruxandra Irina and Neupane, Subas and Ngari, Kiirithio N and Nguefack-Tsague, Georges and Ngunjiri, Josephine W and Nguyen, Cuong Tat and Nguyen, Diep Ngoc and Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi and Nnaji, Chukwudi A and Nomura, Shuhei and Norheim, Ole F and Noubiap, Jean Jacques and Nowak, Christoph and Nunez-Samudio, Virginia and Otoiu, Adrian and Ogbo, Felix Akpojene and Oghenetega, Onome Bright and Oh, In-Hwan and Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera and Oladnabi, Morteza and Olagunju, Andrew T and Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun and Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola and Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike and Omar Bali, Ahmed and Omer, Muktar Omer and Ong, Kanyin L and Onwujekwe, Obinna E and Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V V and Ortiz, Alberto and Ostojic, Sergej M and Otstavnov, Nikita and Otstavnov, Stanislav S and Øverland, Simon and Owolabi, Mayowa O and Padubidri, Jagadish Rao. and Pakhale, Smita and Palladino, Raffaele and Pana, Adrian and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha and Pathak, Mona and Patton, George C and Paudel, Sagun and Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza and Pease, Spencer A and Peden, Amy E and Pennini, Alyssa and Peprah, Emmanuel K and Pereira, Jeevan and Pigott, David M and Pilgrim, Thomas and Pilz, Tessa M and Pinheiro, Marina and Piradov, Michael A and Pirsaheb, Meghdad and Pokhrel, Khem Narayan and Postma, Maarten J and Pourjafar, Hadi and Pourmalek, Farshad and Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza and Pourshams, Akram and Prada, Sergio I and Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga and Pupillo, Elisabetta and Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin and Radfar, Amir and Rafiee, Ata and Rafiei, Alireza and Raggi, Alberto and Rahim, Fakher and Rahman, Muhammad Aziz and Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali and Rana, Saleem Muhammad and Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal and Rao, Sowmya J and Rasella, Davide and Rashedi, Vahid and Rath, Goura Kishor and Rathi, Priya and Rawaf, Salman and Rawaf, David Laith and Rawal, Lal and Rawassizadeh, Reza and Razo, Christian and Renjith, Vishnu and Renzaho, Andre M N and Reshmi, Bhageerathy and Rezaei, Nima and Riahi, Seyed Mohammad and Ribeiro, Daniel Cury and Rickard, Jennifer and Roberts, Nicholas L S and Roever, Leonardo and Romoli, Michele and Ronfani, Luca and Roshandel, Gholamreza and Rubagotti, Enrico and Rwegerera, Godfrey M and Sabour, Siamak and Sachdev, Perminder S and Saddik, Basema and Sadeghi, Masoumeh and Sadeghi, Ehsan and Safari, Yahya and Sagar, Rajesh and Sahebkar, Amirhossein and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Sajadi, S. 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