@article { , title = {Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences}, abstract = {It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in mental toughness among athletes of different: (a) achievement level, (b) gender, (c) age, (d) sporting experience, and (e) sport type (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact sports). Participants were 677 athletes and consisted of sports performers competing at international (n = 60), national (n = 99), county (n = 198), club/university (n = 289), and beginner (n = 31) levels. Results revealed a significant relationship between mental toughness and gender, age, and sporting experience. However, achievement level and the type of sport an athlete participated in was not significantly associated with mental toughness. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006}, issn = {0191-8869}, issue = {1}, journal = {PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES}, note = {Output ID 21719.}, pages = {73-75}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Elsevier}, url = {https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/391316}, volume = {47}, keyword = {Health and Health Inequalities, General Psychology}, year = {2009}, author = {Polman, Remco C. J. and Polman, Remco C.J. and Nicholls, Adam R. and Polman, R. C J and Levy, Andrew R. and Backhouse, Susan H.} }