@article { , title = {Spore exines increase vitamin D clinical bioavailability by mucoadhesion and bile triggered release}, abstract = {Sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) are microcapsules derived from the outer shells (exines) of plant spore and pollen grains. This work reports the first clinical study on healthy volunteers to show enhanced bioavailability of vitamin D encapsulated in SpECs from Lycopodium clavatum L. spore grains vs vitamin D alone, and the first evidence (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) of mechanisms to account for the enhancement and release of the active in the small intestine. Evidence for mucoadhesion of the SpECs contributing to the mechanism of the enhancement is based on: (i) release profile over time of vitamin D in a double blind cross-over human study showing significant release in the small intestine; (ii) in vivo particle counting data in rat showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iii) ex vivo 99mTc labelling and counting data using rat small intestine sections showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iv) in vitro mucoadhesion data. Triggered release by bile in the small intestine was shown in vitro using solid state NMR and HPLC.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.017}, eissn = {1873-4995}, issn = {0168-3659}, journal = {Journal of Controlled Release}, pages = {244-255}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Elsevier}, url = {https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4060232}, volume = {350}, keyword = {Chemistry for Health, Hull Molecular Imaging Centre, Health and Health Inequalities, Sporopollenin microcapsules, Clinical-bioavailability enhancement, Vitamin D, Mucoadhesion, 99mTc-sporopollenin}, year = {2022}, author = {Diego-Taboada, Alberto and Sathyapalan, Thozhukat and Courts, Fraser and Lorch, Mark and Almutairi, Farooq and Burke, Benjamin P. and Harris, Kate and Kruusmägi, Martin and Walther, Thomas and Booth, Jonathan and Boa, Andrew N. and Archibald, Stephen J. and Thompson, Colin and Atkin, Stephen L. and Mackenzie, Grahame} }