@article { , title = {The benefits of targeted memory reactivation for consolidation in sleep are contingent on memory accuracy and direct cue-memory associations}, abstract = {Objectives: To investigate how the effects of targeted memory reactivation (TMR) are influenced by memory accuracy prior to sleep and the presence or absence of direct cue-memory associations. Methods: 30 participants associated each of 50 pictures with an unrelated word and then with a screen location in two separate tasks. During picture-location training, each picture was also presented with a semantically related sound. The sounds were therefore directly associated with the picture locations but indirectly associated with the words. During a subsequent nap, half of the sounds were replayed in slow wave sleep (SWS) (TMR). The effect of TMR on memory for the picture locations (direct cue-memory associations) and picture-word pairs (indirect cue-memory associations) was then examined. Results: TMR reduced overall memory decay for recall of picture locations. Further analyses revealed a benefit of TMR for picture locations recalled with a low degree of accuracy prior to sleep, but not those recalled with a high degree of accuracy. The benefit of TMR for low accuracy memories was predicted by time spent in SWS. There was no benefit of TMR for memory of the picture-word pairs, irrespective of memory accuracy prior to sleep. Conclusions: TMR provides the greatest benefit to memories recalled with a low degree of accuracy prior to sleep. The memory benefits of TMR may also be contingent on direct cue-memory associations.}, doi = {10.5665/sleep.5772}, eissn = {1550-9109}, issn = {0161-8105}, issue = {5}, journal = {Sleep}, pages = {1139-1150}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, url = {https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/434796}, volume = {39}, keyword = {Cognition and Development, Health and Health Inequalities, Consolidation, Memory, Reactivation, Slow wave sleep}, year = {2016}, author = {Cairney, Scott A. and Lindsay, Shane and Sobczak, Justyna M. and Paller, Ken A. and Gaskell, M. Gareth} }