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Rethinking egocentric bias: A computer mouse-tracking study of adult belief processing (2023)
Journal Article
O'Connor, R. J., Lucas, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2024). Rethinking egocentric bias: A computer mouse-tracking study of adult belief processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(2), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001485

Several theories of belief processing assume that processing another's false belief requires overcoming an egocentric bias toward one's current knowledge. The current evidence in support of this claim, however, is limited. In order to investigate the... Read More about Rethinking egocentric bias: A computer mouse-tracking study of adult belief processing.

The relationship between depressive symptoms and positive emotional anticipation of goal achievement (2023)
Journal Article
Anderson, R. J., Clayton McClure, J. H., Boland, J., Howe, D., Riggs, K. J., & Dewhurst, S. A. (2023). The relationship between depressive symptoms and positive emotional anticipation of goal achievement. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 14(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087231164963

Depression is associated with difficulties in goal pursuit which could be related to deficits in emotional anticipation regarding goal success. Therefore, the reported study investigated emotional anticipation for personal goals and whether this diff... Read More about The relationship between depressive symptoms and positive emotional anticipation of goal achievement.

The approximate number system and mathematics achievement: it's complicated. A thorough investigation of different ANS measures and executive functions in mathematics achievement in children (2022)
Journal Article
Coolen, I. E., Riggs, K. J., Bugler, M., & Castronovo, J. (in press). The approximate number system and mathematics achievement: it's complicated. A thorough investigation of different ANS measures and executive functions in mathematics achievement in children. Journal of cognitive psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2022.2044338

The ability to represent approximate numerical magnitudes is often referred to as the approximate number system (ANS) and has regularly been proposed as foundational to mathematics achievement. However, some argue that the relation between ANS acuity... Read More about The approximate number system and mathematics achievement: it's complicated. A thorough investigation of different ANS measures and executive functions in mathematics achievement in children.

Autistic Adults Show Similar Performance and Sensitivity to Social Cues on a Visual Perspective Taking Task as Non-autistic Adults (2022)
Journal Article
O’Connor, R. J., Plant, J. L., & Riggs, K. J. (in press). Autistic Adults Show Similar Performance and Sensitivity to Social Cues on a Visual Perspective Taking Task as Non-autistic Adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05480-8

Autistic and non-autistic adults completed a visual perspective taking (VPT) task, reporting an object’s location from an actor’s perspective, or their own. On half the trials the actor looked at and reached for the object, and on half did not. Accur... Read More about Autistic Adults Show Similar Performance and Sensitivity to Social Cues on a Visual Perspective Taking Task as Non-autistic Adults.

Stroop interference is a composite phenomenon: Evidence from distinct developmental trajectories of its components (2019)
Journal Article
Ferrand, L., Ducrot, S., Chausse, P., Maïonchi‐Pino, N., O’Connor, R. J., Parris, B. A., …Augustinova, M. (2020). Stroop interference is a composite phenomenon: Evidence from distinct developmental trajectories of its components. Developmental Science, 23(2), Article e12899. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12899

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Only one previous developmental study of Stroop task performance (Schiller, 1966) has controlled for differences in processing speed that exist both within and between age groups. Therefore, the question of whether the... Read More about Stroop interference is a composite phenomenon: Evidence from distinct developmental trajectories of its components.

Adult Fast-Mapping Memory Research Is Based on a Misinterpretation of Developmental-Word-Learning Data (2019)
Journal Article
O'Connor, R., & Riggs, K. J. (2019). Adult Fast-Mapping Memory Research Is Based on a Misinterpretation of Developmental-Word-Learning Data. Current directions in psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society, 28(6), 528-533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419858426

© The Author(s) 2019. Fast mapping is often used to refer to children’s remarkable ability to learn the meanings of new words with minimal exposure and in ambiguous contexts. It is one thing to claim that children are capable of learning words this w... Read More about Adult Fast-Mapping Memory Research Is Based on a Misinterpretation of Developmental-Word-Learning Data.

Automatic visual-spatial perspective taking in alcohol-dependence: A study with happy emotional faces (2018)
Journal Article
Cox, S., Maurage, P., O'Connor, R., Chandler, C., & Riggs, K. (2018). Automatic visual-spatial perspective taking in alcohol-dependence: A study with happy emotional faces. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 42-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.025

Background: Understanding the world from another’s perspective is an important and potentially automatic human process which is crucial for efficient social interactions. However, whilst deficits have been repeatedly described for various interperson... Read More about Automatic visual-spatial perspective taking in alcohol-dependence: A study with happy emotional faces.

Aspects of alcohol use disorder affecting social cognition as assessed using the Mini Social and Emotional Assessment (mini-SEA) (2018)
Journal Article
Cox, S., Bertoux, M., Turner, J. J., Moss, A., Locker, K., & Riggs, K. (2018). Aspects of alcohol use disorder affecting social cognition as assessed using the Mini Social and Emotional Assessment (mini-SEA). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 187, 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.004

Background: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is associated with problems with processing complex social scenarios. Little is known about the relationship between distinct AUD-related factors (e.g., years of problematic drinking), aspects of cognitive funct... Read More about Aspects of alcohol use disorder affecting social cognition as assessed using the Mini Social and Emotional Assessment (mini-SEA).

Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names but artifact actions are the most easily learnt (2018)
Journal Article
Holland, A., Hyde, G., Riggs, K., & Simpson, A. (2018). Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names but artifact actions are the most easily learnt. Journal of experimental child psychology, 170, 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.013

To become skilled artifact users, children must learn the actions and functions associated with artifacts. We investigated preschoolers’ ability to fast-map an action, function and name associated with a novel artifact and retain the new mapping lo... Read More about Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names but artifact actions are the most easily learnt.

Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names, but artifact actions are the most easily learned (2018)
Journal Article
Holland, A. K., Hyde, G., Riggs, K. J., & Simpson, A. (2018). Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names, but artifact actions are the most easily learned. Journal of experimental child psychology, 170, 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.013

To become skilled artifact users, children must learn the actions and functions associated with artifacts. We investigated preschoolers’ ability to fast map an action, function and name associated with a novel artifact, and retain the new mapping lon... Read More about Preschoolers fast map and retain artifact functions as efficiently as artifact names, but artifact actions are the most easily learned.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation over left inferior frontal and posterior temporal cortex disrupts gesture-speech integration (2018)
Journal Article
Zhao, W., Riggs, K., Schindler, I., & Holle, H. (2018). Transcranial magnetic stimulation over left inferior frontal and posterior temporal cortex disrupts gesture-speech integration. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(8), 1891-1900. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1748-17.2017

Language and action naturally occur together in the form of co-speech gestures and there is now convincing evidence that listeners display a strong tendency to integrate semantic information from both domains during comprehension. A contentious quest... Read More about Transcranial magnetic stimulation over left inferior frontal and posterior temporal cortex disrupts gesture-speech integration.

A brighter future : the effect of positive episodic simulation on future predictions in non-depressed, moderately dysphoric & highly dysphoric individuals (2017)
Journal Article
Boland, J., Riggs, K. J., & Anderson, R. J. (2018). A brighter future : the effect of positive episodic simulation on future predictions in non-depressed, moderately dysphoric & highly dysphoric individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 100, 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.010

Previous research suggests depressed individuals have difficulties with future directed cognitions. For instance, compared with non-depressed individuals, they predict positive events are less likely to occur. Recent work suggests that episodic simul... Read More about A brighter future : the effect of positive episodic simulation on future predictions in non-depressed, moderately dysphoric & highly dysphoric individuals.

Fine motor control underlies the association between response inhibition and drawing skill in early development (2017)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., Al Ruwaili, R., Jolley, R., Leonard, H., Geeraert, N., & Riggs, K. J. (2019). Fine motor control underlies the association between response inhibition and drawing skill in early development. Child Development, 90(3), 911-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12949

Previous research shows that the development of response inhibition and drawing skill are linked. The current research investigated whether this association reflects a more fundamental link between response inhibition and motor control. In Experiment... Read More about Fine motor control underlies the association between response inhibition and drawing skill in early development.

Counter-intuitive moral judgement following traumatic brain injury (2017)
Journal Article
Rowley, D. A., Rogish, M., Alexander, T., & Riggs, K. J. (2018). Counter-intuitive moral judgement following traumatic brain injury. Journal of neuropsychology, 12(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12117

Several neurological patient populations, including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), appear to produce an abnormally ‘utilitarian’ pattern of judgements to moral dilemmas; they tend to make judgements that maximise the welfare of the majority, rather th... Read More about Counter-intuitive moral judgement following traumatic brain injury.

Reprint of “Young children's referent selection is guided by novelty for both words and actions” (2016)
Journal Article
Dysart, E. L., Mather, E., & Riggs, K. J. (2016). Reprint of “Young children's referent selection is guided by novelty for both words and actions”. Journal of experimental child psychology, 151, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.08.003

This article is a reprint of a previously published article. For citation purposes, please use the original publication details; Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Volume 146, June 2016, Pages 231–237.

Get your facts right : preschoolers systematically extend both object names and category-relevant facts (2016)
Journal Article
Holland, A. K., Mather, E., Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2016). Get your facts right : preschoolers systematically extend both object names and category-relevant facts. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(JUL), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01064

There is an ongoing debate over the extent to which language development shares common processing mechanisms with other domains of learning. It is well-established that toddlers will systematically extend object labels to similarly-shaped category ex... Read More about Get your facts right : preschoolers systematically extend both object names and category-relevant facts.

Defending simulation theory against the argument from error (2016)
Journal Article
Short, T. L., & Riggs, K. J. (2016). Defending simulation theory against the argument from error. Mind & language, 31(2), 248-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12103

We defend the Simulation Theory of Mind against a challenge from the Theory Theory of Mind. The challenge is that while Simulation Theory can account for Theory of Mind errors, it cannot account for their systematic nature. There are Theory of Mind e... Read More about Defending simulation theory against the argument from error.

Young children's referent selection is guided by novelty for both words and actions (2016)
Journal Article
Dysart, E. L., Mather, E., & Riggs, K. J. (2016). Young children's referent selection is guided by novelty for both words and actions. Journal of experimental child psychology, 146, 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.003

Young children are biased to select novel, name-unknown objects as referents of novel labels (e.g., Markman, 1990) and similarly favour novel, action-unknown objects as referents of novel actions (Riggs, Mather, Hyde & Simpson, 2015). What process un... Read More about Young children's referent selection is guided by novelty for both words and actions.

Developing thoughts about what might have been (2014)
Journal Article
Beck, S. R., & Riggs, K. (2014). Developing thoughts about what might have been. Child development perspectives, 8(3), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12082

Recent research has changed how developmental psychologists understand counterfactual thinking or thoughts of what might have been. Evidence suggests that counterfactual thinking develops over an extended period into at least middle childhood, depend... Read More about Developing thoughts about what might have been.

Conditional Reasoning and Emotional Experience: A Review of the Development of Counterfactual Thinking (2013)
Journal Article
Beck, S. R., Weisberg, D. P., Burns, P., & Riggs, K. J. (2014). Conditional Reasoning and Emotional Experience: A Review of the Development of Counterfactual Thinking. Studia Logica, 102(4), 673-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11225-013-9508-1

What do human beings use conditional reasoning for? A psychological consequence of counterfactual conditional reasoning is emotional experience, in particular, regret and relief. Adults' thoughts about what might have been influence their evaluations... Read More about Conditional Reasoning and Emotional Experience: A Review of the Development of Counterfactual Thinking.

Prepotency in action: Does children's knowledge of an artifact affect their ability to inhibit acting on it? (2013)
Journal Article
Riggs, K. J., Simpson, A., & Carroll, D. J. (2014). Prepotency in action: Does children's knowledge of an artifact affect their ability to inhibit acting on it?. Journal of experimental child psychology, 118(1), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.015

Prepotent actions are actions that are strongly triggered by the environment, and so tend to be carried out, unless intentionally avoided. Understanding what makes an action prepotent is central to an understanding of inhibitory control. The current... Read More about Prepotency in action: Does children's knowledge of an artifact affect their ability to inhibit acting on it?.

Seeing triggers acting, hearing does not trigger saying: Evidence from children's weak inhibition (2013)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., Cooper, N. R., Gillmeister, H., & Riggs, K. J. (2013). Seeing triggers acting, hearing does not trigger saying: Evidence from children's weak inhibition. Cognition, 128(2), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.015

There is evidence to suggest action imitation is automatic in adults and children. Children's weak inhibitory control means that automatic activation can have dramatic effects on behaviour. In three developmental studies, we investigated whether verb... Read More about Seeing triggers acting, hearing does not trigger saying: Evidence from children's weak inhibition.

The role of inhibitory control in the development of human figure drawing in young children (2013)
Journal Article
Riggs, K. J., Jolley, R. P., & Simpson, A. (2013). The role of inhibitory control in the development of human figure drawing in young children. Journal of experimental child psychology, 114(4), 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.003

We investigated the role of inhibitory control in young children's human figure drawing. We used the Bear-Dragon task as a measure of inhibitory control and used the classification system devised by Cox and Parkin to measure the development of human... Read More about The role of inhibitory control in the development of human figure drawing in young children.

How do alternative ways of responding influence 3- and 4-year-olds' performance on tests of executive function and theory of mind? (2012)
Journal Article
Carroll, D. J., Riggs, K. J., Apperly, I. A., Graham, K., & Geoghegan, C. (2012). How do alternative ways of responding influence 3- and 4-year-olds' performance on tests of executive function and theory of mind?. Journal of experimental child psychology, 112(3), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.03.001

A total of 69 preschool children were tested on measures of false belief understanding (the Unexpected Transfer task), inhibitory control (the Grass/Snow task), and strategic reasoning (the Windows task). For each task, children indicated their respo... Read More about How do alternative ways of responding influence 3- and 4-year-olds' performance on tests of executive function and theory of mind?.

Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome (2011)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., Riggs, K., Beck, S. R., Gorniak, S. L., Wu, Y., Abbott, D., & Diamond, A. (2012). Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome. Developmental Science, 15(1), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01105.x

Understanding (a) how responses become prepotent provides insights into when inhibition is needed in everyday life. Understanding (b) how response prepotency is overcome provides insights for helping children develop strategies for overcoming such te... Read More about Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome.

Executive control and the experience of regret (2011)
Journal Article
Burns, P., Riggs, K. J., & Beck, S. R. (2012). Executive control and the experience of regret. Journal of experimental child psychology, 111(3), 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.10.003

The experience of regret rests on a counterfactual analysis of events. Previous research indicates that regret emerges at around 6 years of age, marginally later than the age at which children begin to answer counterfactual questions correctly. We hy... Read More about Executive control and the experience of regret.

Three- and 4-year-olds encode modeled actions in two ways leading to immediate imitation and delayed emulation (2011)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2011). Three- and 4-year-olds encode modeled actions in two ways leading to immediate imitation and delayed emulation. Developmental Psychology, 47(3), 834-840. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023270

When copying a model's behavior with a tool, children tend to imitate (copy the specific actions to replicate the model's goal) rather than emulate (bring about the model's goal in the most efficient way). Tasks producing these findings test children... Read More about Three- and 4-year-olds encode modeled actions in two ways leading to immediate imitation and delayed emulation.

Under what conditions do children have difficulty in inhibiting imitation? Evidence for the importance of planning specific responses (2011)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2011). Under what conditions do children have difficulty in inhibiting imitation? Evidence for the importance of planning specific responses. Journal of experimental child psychology, 109(4), 512-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.015

The response set effect has been observed in a number of developmental tasks that are proposed to required inhibition. This effect has been interpreted as evidence that the specific responses children plan to make in these tasks become prepotent. Her... Read More about Under what conditions do children have difficulty in inhibiting imitation? Evidence for the importance of planning specific responses.

The development of visual short-term memory for multifeature items during middle childhood (2011)
Journal Article
Riggs, K. J., Simpson, A., & Potts, T. (2011). The development of visual short-term memory for multifeature items during middle childhood. Journal of experimental child psychology, 108(4), 802-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.11.006

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) research suggests that the adult capacity is limited to three or four multifeature object representations. Despite evidence supporting a developmental increase in capacity, it remains unclear what the unit of capacity... Read More about The development of visual short-term memory for multifeature items during middle childhood.

The effect of causal chain length on counterfactual conditional reasoning (2010)
Journal Article
Beck, S. R., Riggs, K. J., & Gorniak, S. L. (2010). The effect of causal chain length on counterfactual conditional reasoning. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(3), 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009X450836

We investigated German and Nichols' finding that 3-year-olds could answer counterfactual conditional questions about short causal chains of events, but not long. In four experiments (N =192), we compared 3- and 4-year-olds' performance on short and l... Read More about The effect of causal chain length on counterfactual conditional reasoning.

Subitizing in congenitally blind adults (2010)
Journal Article
Ferrand, L., Riggs, K. J., & Castronovo, J. (2010). Subitizing in congenitally blind adults. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 17(6), 840-845. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.6.840

We investigated the role of vision in tactile enumeration within and outside the subitizing range. Congenitally blind and sighted (blindfolded) participants were asked to enumerate quickly and accurately the number of fingers stimulated. Both groups... Read More about Subitizing in congenitally blind adults.

Relating developments in children's counterfactual thinking and executive functions (2009)
Journal Article
Beck, S. R., Riggs, K. J., & Gorniak, S. L. (2009). Relating developments in children's counterfactual thinking and executive functions. Thinking and Reasoning, 15(4), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780903135904

The performance of 93 children aged 3 and 4 years on a battery of different counterfactual tasks was assessed. Three measures: short causal chains, location change counterfactual conditionals, and false syllogisms—but not a fourth, long causal chains... Read More about Relating developments in children's counterfactual thinking and executive functions.

What makes responses prepotent for young children? Insights from the grass-snow task (2008)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2009). What makes responses prepotent for young children? Insights from the grass-snow task. Infant and Child Development, 18(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.576

Understanding how responses become prepotent is essential for understanding when inhibitory control is needed in everyday behaviour. We investigated prepotency in the grass–snow task—in which a child points to a green card when the experimenter says... Read More about What makes responses prepotent for young children? Insights from the grass-snow task.

Counterfactual and mental state reasoning in children with autism (2004)
Journal Article
Grant, C. M., Riggs, K. J., & Boucher, J. (2004). Counterfactual and mental state reasoning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1023/B%3AJADD.0000022608.57470.29

The contributions of counterfactual conditional reasoning (CCR), belief understanding, and inferential reasoning to the performance of children with autism (CWA) on standard false belief tasks were investigated. To assess the roles of these three fac... Read More about Counterfactual and mental state reasoning in children with autism.

What makes the windows task difficult for young children: Rule inference or rule use? (2003)
Journal Article
Simpson, A., Riggs, K. J., & Simon, M. (2004). What makes the windows task difficult for young children: Rule inference or rule use?. Journal of experimental child psychology, 87(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2003.11.002

The windows task is difficult for young children. In this task, a child is shown two boxes with windows revealing that one is empty, whereas the other contains a treat. The child is asked to point to a box for an opponent to look in. The child then "... Read More about What makes the windows task difficult for young children: Rule inference or rule use?.

Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency (2000)
Journal Article
Spencer, J., O'Brien, J., Riggs, K., Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., & Wattam-Bell, J. (2000). Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency. NeuroReport, 11(12), 2765-2767. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200008210-00031

We report that motion coherence thresholds in children with autism are significantly higher than in matched controls. No corresponding difference in form coherence thresholds was found. We interpret this as a specific deficit in dorsal stream functio... Read More about Motion processing in autism: evidence for a dorsal stream deficiency.

Adaptive modelling and mindreading (1999)
Journal Article
Peterson, D. M., & Riggs, K. J. (1999). Adaptive modelling and mindreading. Mind & language, 14(1), 80-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00104

This paper sets out to give sufficient detail to the notion of mental simulation to allow an appraisal of its contribution to 'mindreading' in the context of the 'false-belief tasks' used in developmental psychology. We first describe the reasoning s... Read More about Adaptive modelling and mindreading.

Are errors in false belief tasks symptomatic of a broader difficulty with counterfactuality? (1998)
Journal Article
Riggs, K. J., Peterson, D. M., Robinson, E. J., & Mitchell, P. (1998). Are errors in false belief tasks symptomatic of a broader difficulty with counterfactuality?. Cognitive Development, 13(1), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014%2898%2990021-1

When children acknowledge false belief they are handling a counterfactual situation. In three experiments 3-and 4-year-old children were given false belief tasks and physical state tasks which required similar handling of counterfactual situations bu... Read More about Are errors in false belief tasks symptomatic of a broader difficulty with counterfactuality?.

Children's memory for drawings based on a false belief (1996)
Journal Article
Robinson, E. J., Riggs, K. J., & Samuel, J. (1996). Children's memory for drawings based on a false belief. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1056-1064. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1056

In 3 studies, preschool children drew or saw another person draw what they wrongly thought were the contents of a box, saw the true contents, and then were asked what had been drawn and what they (or the other person) had thought was in the box. Chil... Read More about Children's memory for drawings based on a false belief.

Children’s memory for actions based on a false belief (1995)
Journal Article
Riggs, K. J., & Robinson, E. J. (1995). Children’s memory for actions based on a false belief. Journal of experimental child psychology, 60(2), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1995.1039

In four investigations, 3- and 4-year-olds were asked to recall their own or another person′s actions, as well as acknowledge the false belief upon which the action was based. Recalling that somebody else went to a wrong location was easier than ackn... Read More about Children’s memory for actions based on a false belief.