Alex van Belkum
Host-pathogen adhesion as the basis of innovative diagnostics for emerging pathogens
van Belkum, Alex; Almeida, Carina; Bardiaux, Benjamin; Barrass, Sarah V.; Butcher, Sarah J.; Çaykara, Tuğçe; Chowdhury, Sounak; Datar, Rucha; Eastwood, Ian; Goldman, Adrian; Goyal, Manisha; Happonen, Lotta; Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia; Jacobsen, Theis; Johnson, Pirjo H.; Kempf, Volkhard A. J.; Kiessling, Andreas; Bueno, Juan Leva; Malik, Anchal; Malmström, Johan; Meuskens, Ina; Milner, Paul A.; Nilges, Michael; Pamme, Nicole; Peyman, Sally A.; Rodrigues, Ligia R.; Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo; Sande, Maria G.; Silva, Carla Joana; Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia; Stehle, Thilo; Thibau, Arno; Vaca, Diana J.; Linke, Dirk
Authors
Carina Almeida
Benjamin Bardiaux
Sarah V. Barrass
Sarah J. Butcher
Tuğçe Çaykara
Sounak Chowdhury
Rucha Datar
Ian Eastwood
Adrian Goldman
Manisha Goyal
Lotta Happonen
Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
Theis Jacobsen
Pirjo H. Johnson
Volkhard A. J. Kempf
Andreas Kiessling
Juan Leva Bueno
Anchal Malik
Johan Malmström
Ina Meuskens
Paul A. Milner
Michael Nilges
Nicole Pamme
Sally A. Peyman
Ligia R. Rodrigues
Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos
Maria G. Sande
Carla Joana Silva
Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak
Thilo Stehle
Arno Thibau
Diana J. Vaca
Dirk Linke
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.
Citation
van Belkum, A., Almeida, C., Bardiaux, B., Barrass, S. V., Butcher, S. J., Çaykara, T., …Linke, D. (2021). Host-pathogen adhesion as the basis of innovative diagnostics for emerging pathogens. Diagnostics, 11(7), Article 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Jun 21, 2021 |
Online Publication Date | Jul 14, 2021 |
Publication Date | 2021-07 |
Deposit Date | Jul 15, 2021 |
Publicly Available Date | Jul 16, 2021 |
Journal | Diagnostics |
Print ISSN | 2075-4418 |
Electronic ISSN | 2075-4418 |
Publisher | MDPI |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 7 |
Article Number | 1259 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259 |
Keywords | Adhesin; Receptor; Infectious diseases; Diagnostics |
Public URL | https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/3804416 |
Publisher URL | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/7/1259 |
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Copyright Statement
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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