Metals in the circumgalactic medium are out of ionization equilibrium due to fluctuating active galactic nuclei

Segers, Marijke C.; Oppenheimer, Benjamin D.; Schaye, Joop; Richings, Alexander J.

Abstract

We study the effect of a fluctuating active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the abundance of circumgalactic OVI in galaxies selected from the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments simulations. We follow the time-variable OVI abundance in post-processing around four galaxies - two at z=0.1 with stellar masses of M* ~10^10M⊙ and M* ~10^11M⊙, and two at z=3 with similar stellar masses - out to impact parameters of twice their virial radii, implementing a fluctuating central source of ionizing radiation. Due to delayed recombination, the AGN leave significant 'AGN proximity zone fossils' around all four galaxies, where OVI and other metal ions are out of ionization equilibrium for several megayears after the AGN fade. The column density of OVI is typically enhanced by ≈0.3-1.0 dex at impact parameters within 0.3Rvir, and by ≈0.06-0.2 dex at 2Rvir, thereby also enhancing the covering fraction of OVI above a given column density threshold. The fossil effect tends to increase with increasing AGN luminosity, and towards shorter AGN lifetimes and larger AGN duty cycle fractions. In the limit of short AGN lifetimes, the effect converges to that of a continuous AGN with a luminosity of (fduty/100 per cent) times the AGN luminosity. We also find significant fossil effects for other metal ions, where low-ionization state ions are decreased (Si IV, CIV at z = 3) and high-ionization state ions are increased (C IV at z = 0.1, Ne VIII, MgX). Using observationally motivated AGN parameters, we predict AGN proximity zone fossils to be ubiquitous around M* ~ 10^10-11M⊙ galaxies, and to affect observations of metals in the circumgalactic medium at both low and high redshifts.

Citation

Segers, M. C., Oppenheimer, B. D., Schaye, J., & Richings, A. J. (2017). Metals in the circumgalactic medium are out of ionization equilibrium due to fluctuating active galactic nuclei. Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 471(1), 1026-1044. https://doi.org/10.1093/MNRAS/STX1633

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jun 26, 2017
• Online Publication Date: Jun 29, 2017
• Publication Date: Oct 1, 2017
• Deposit Date: Jan 11, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 3, 2023
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Print ISSN: 0035-8711
• Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 471
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 1026-1044
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/MNRAS/STX1633
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4132547