Atypical emotional anticipation in high-functioning autism

Jellema, Tjeerd; Burnett, Hollie G.; Palumbo, Letizia

Abstract

Background Understanding and anticipating others’ mental or emotional states relies on the processing of social cues, such as dynamic facial expressions. Individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) may process these cues differently from individuals with typical development (TD) and purportedly use a ‘mechanistic’ rather than a ‘mentalistic’ approach, involving rule- and contingency-based interpretations of the stimuli. The study primarily aimed at examining whether the judgments of facial expressions made by individuals with TD and HFA would be similarly affected by the immediately preceding dynamic perceptual history of that face. A second aim was to explore possible differences in the mechanisms underpinning the perceptual judgments in the two groups. Methods Twenty-two adults with HFA and with TD, matched for age, gender and IQ, were tested in three experiments in which dynamic, ‘ecologically valid’ offsets of happy and angry facial expressions were presented. Participants evaluated the expression depicted in the last frame of the video clip by using a 5-point scale ranging from slightly angry via neutral to slightly happy. Specific experimental manipulations prior to the final facial expression of the video clip allowed examining contributions of bottom-up mechanisms (sequential contrast/context effects and representational momentum) and a top-down mechanism (emotional anticipation) to distortions in the perception of the final expression. Results In experiment 1, the two groups showed a very similar perceptual bias for the final expression of joy-to-neutral and anger-to-neutral videos (overshoot bias). In experiment 2, a change in the actor’s identity during the clip removed the bias in the TD group, but not in the HFA group. In experiment 3, neutral-to-joy/anger-to-neutral sequences generated an undershoot bias (opposite to the overshoot) in the TD group, whereas no bias was observed in the HFA group. Conclusions We argue that in TD individuals the perceptual judgments of other’s facial expressions were underpinned by an automatic emotional anticipation mechanism. In contrast, HFA individuals were primarily influenced by visual features, most notably the contrast between the start and end expressions, or pattern extrapolation. We critically discuss the proposition that automatic emotional anticipation may be induced by motor simulation of the perceived dynamic facial expressions and discuss its implications for autism.

Citation

Jellema, T., Burnett, H. G., & Palumbo, L. (2015). Atypical emotional anticipation in high-functioning autism. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 47-1-47-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0039-7

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jul 27, 2015
• Online Publication Date: Aug 15, 2015
• Publication Date: Aug 15, 2015
• Deposit Date: Feb 26, 2016
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 23, 2017
• Journal: Molecular autism
• Print ISSN: 2040-2392
• Electronic ISSN: 2040-2392
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 6
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: ARTN 47
• Pages: 47-1-47-17
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0039-7
• Keywords: High-functioning autism (HFA), Dynamic facial expressions, Perceptual distortions, Prediction, Anticipation, Embodied simulation, Theory of mind
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/471721
• Publisher URL: https://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13229-015-0039-7
• Additional Information: This is a copy of an open access article published in Molecular autism, 2015, v.6.