mm-CUR: A Novel Ubiquitous, Contact-free, and Location-aware Counterfeit Currency Detection in Bundles Using Millimeter-Wave Sensor

Niaz, Fahim; Zhang, Jian; Zheng, Yang; Khalid, Muhammad; Niaz, Ashfaq

Abstract

Target material sensing in non-invasive and ubiquitous contexts plays an important role in various applications. Recently, a few wireless sensing systems have been proposed for material identification. In this paper, we introduce mm-CUR, A Novel Ubiquitous, Contact-free, and Location-aware Counterfeit Currency Detection in Bundles using a Millimeter-Wave Sensor. This system eliminates the need for individual note inspection and pinpoints the location of counterfeit notes within the bundle. We use Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar sensors to classify different counterfeit currency bundles on a tabletop setup. To extract informative features for currency detection from FMCW signals, we construct a Radio Frequency Snapshot (RFS) and build signal scalogram representations that capture the distinct patterns of currency received from different currency bundles. We refine the RFS by eliminating multi-path interference, and noise cancellation and apply high pass filters for mitigating the smearing effect with the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). To broaden the usage of mm-CUR, we built a transferable learning model that yields robust detection results in different scenarios. The classification results demonstrated that the proposed counterfeit currency detection system can detect counterfeit notes in 100-note bundles with an accuracy greater than 93%. Compared to the standard CNN and DNN methods, the proposed mm-CUR model showed superior performance in distinguishing each bundle data, even for a limited-size dataset.

Citation

Niaz, F., Zhang, J., Zheng, Y., Khalid, M., & Niaz, A. (online). mm-CUR: A Novel Ubiquitous, Contact-free, and Location-aware Counterfeit Currency Detection in Bundles Using Millimeter-Wave Sensor. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, https://doi.org/10.1145/3694970

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Sep 2, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Sep 5, 2024
• Deposit Date: Sep 2, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Sep 6, 2024
• Print ISSN: 1550-4859
• Electronic ISSN: 1550-4867
• Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3694970
• Keywords: CCS Concepts: • Ubiquitous and mobile computing → Ubiquitous and mobile putting systems and tools; Contact-free sensing Additional Key Words and Phrases: mmWave Sensor; Counterfeit Currency; Currency Detection; Wireless Sensing; Contact-free Sensing
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4794070