Outputs (65)

Why do some students opt out of fieldwork? Using expectancy-value theory to explore the hidden voices of non-participants (2021)
Journal Article
Peasland, E. L., Henri, D. C., Morrell, L. J., & Scott, G. W. (in press). Why do some students opt out of fieldwork? Using expectancy-value theory to explore the hidden voices of non-participants. International journal of science education, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2021.1923080

Fieldwork is an important part of higher education programmes in geography, geology, environmental sciences and biosciences because it offers opportunities to enhance graduate employability alongside pedagogical and social benefits. However, not all... Read More about Why do some students opt out of fieldwork? Using expectancy-value theory to explore the hidden voices of non-participants.

Consistency in the strength of laterality in male, but not female, guppies across different behavioural contexts (2020)
Journal Article
McLean, S., & Morrell, L. J. (2020). Consistency in the strength of laterality in male, but not female, guppies across different behavioural contexts. Biology Letters, 16(5), Article 20190870. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0870

© 2020 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Laterality, the division of brain functions into separate hemispheres, is widespread across animal taxa. Lateralized individuals exhibit cognitive advantages yet substantial va... Read More about Consistency in the strength of laterality in male, but not female, guppies across different behavioural contexts.

The influence of fieldwork design on student perceptions of skills development during field courses (2019)
Journal Article
Peasland, E. L., Henri, D. C., Morrell, L. J., & Scott, G. W. (2019). The influence of fieldwork design on student perceptions of skills development during field courses. International journal of science education, 41(17), 2369-2388. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2019.1679906

Employability is a key issue for students and Higher Education Institutions and a key component of employability is possessing the skills a role requires. In the environmental sciences, fieldwork provides an opportunity for students to develop employ... Read More about The influence of fieldwork design on student perceptions of skills development during field courses.

Sex differences in laterality are associated with reproduction in threespine stickleback (2021)
Journal Article
McLean, S., & Morrell, L. J. (2021). Sex differences in laterality are associated with reproduction in threespine stickleback. The American naturalist, 197(6), 708-718. https://doi.org/10.1086/714138

Laterality, the partitioning of information processing into specific brain hemispheres, is widespread across animal taxa. Substantial unexplained variation in this trait exists, particularly between the sexes, despite multiple identified advantages o... Read More about Sex differences in laterality are associated with reproduction in threespine stickleback.

Student employability enhancement through fieldwork: purposefully integrated or a beneficial side effect? (2023)
Journal Article
Peasland, E. L., Scott, G. W., Morrell, L. J., & Henri, D. C. (in press). Student employability enhancement through fieldwork: purposefully integrated or a beneficial side effect?. Journal of geography in higher education, https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2023.2267459

Fieldwork provides opportunities for students to develop employability-enhancing transferable skills as well as technical, discipline-specific skills and disciplinary knowledge. However, the extent to which staff purposely plan transferable skills ou... Read More about Student employability enhancement through fieldwork: purposefully integrated or a beneficial side effect?.

Building a competence-based model for the academic development of programme leaders (2023)
Journal Article
Lawrence, J., Morrell, L. J., & Scott, G. W. (2023). Building a competence-based model for the academic development of programme leaders. International Journal for Academic Development, https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2023.2166942

The programme leader is crucial to the success of a higher education provider’s educational portfolio. However, programme leader development is under-researched and is too often conceptualised in a negative way, as the solution to a problem. Here we... Read More about Building a competence-based model for the academic development of programme leaders.

Computerized stimuli for studying oddity effects (2019)
Journal Article
Dobbinson, K. E., Morrell, L. J., & Skarratt, P. A. (2020). Computerized stimuli for studying oddity effects. Behavioral ecology, 31(1), 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz174

Visually hunting predators must overcome the challenges that prey groups present. One such challenge is the confusion effect where an overburdened visual system means predators are unable to successfully target prey. A strategy to overcome confusion... Read More about Computerized stimuli for studying oddity effects.

Iterated assessment and feedback improves student outcomes (2019)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J. (2021). Iterated assessment and feedback improves student outcomes. Studies in higher education, 46(3), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1643301

Feedback is critically important to student learning, but the reduced frequency of assignments combined with isolated or stand-alone tasks reduces the opportunity for students to engage with feedback and use it effectively to enhance their learning.... Read More about Iterated assessment and feedback improves student outcomes.

Foraging guppies can compensate for low-light conditions, but not via a sensory switch (2019)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Kimbell, H., Chapman, B., & Dobbinson, K. (2019). Foraging guppies can compensate for low-light conditions, but not via a sensory switch. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 73(3), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2640-9

Animals can adapt to changes in their environment through behavioural or developmental plasticity, but studies of these responses tend to focus on either short-term exposure of adults to the changed conditions, or long-term exposure of juveniles. Juv... Read More about Foraging guppies can compensate for low-light conditions, but not via a sensory switch.

Group size and individual 'personality' influence emergence times in hermit crabs (2018)
Journal Article
Broadhurst, H. E., & Morrell, L. J. (2018). Group size and individual 'personality' influence emergence times in hermit crabs. Bioscience Horizons, 11, Article hzy011. https://doi.org/10.1093/biohorizons/hzy011

Many animals benefit from aggregating due to the anti-predator effects associated with living in groups. Hermit crabs are known to form groups, or ‘clusters’, which may occur at sites of high shell availability. Clustering may also have anti-predator... Read More about Group size and individual 'personality' influence emergence times in hermit crabs.

Local interactions and global properties of wild, free-ranging stickleback shoals (2017)
Journal Article
Ward, A. J. W., Schaerf, T. M., Herbert-Read, J. E., Morrell, L., Sumpter, D. J. T., & Webster, M. M. (2017). Local interactions and global properties of wild, free-ranging stickleback shoals. Royal Society Open Science, 4(7), 170043. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170043

Collective motion describes the global properties of moving groups of animals and the self-organized, coordinated patterns of individual behaviour that produce them. We examined the group-level patterns and local interactions between individuals in w... Read More about Local interactions and global properties of wild, free-ranging stickleback shoals.

Student perceptions of their autonomy at University (2017)
Journal Article
Henri, D. C., Morrell, L. J., & Scott, G. W. (2018). Student perceptions of their autonomy at University. Higher Education, 75(3), 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0152-y

© 2017, The Author(s). Learner autonomy is a primary learning outcome of Higher Education in many countries. However, empirical evaluation of how student autonomy progresses during undergraduate degrees is limited. We surveyed a total of 636 students... Read More about Student perceptions of their autonomy at University.

Disturbed flow in an aquatic environment may create a sensory refuge for aggregated prey (2017)
Journal Article
Johannesen, A., Dunn, A. M., & Morrell, L. J. (2017). Disturbed flow in an aquatic environment may create a sensory refuge for aggregated prey. PeerJ, 5, Article e3121. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3121

Predators use olfactory cues moved within water and air to locate prey. Because prey aggregations may produce more cue and be easier to detect, predation could limit aggregation size. However, disturbance in the flow may diminish the reliability of o... Read More about Disturbed flow in an aquatic environment may create a sensory refuge for aggregated prey.

Colour preferences of UK garden birds at supplementary seed feeders (2017)
Journal Article
Rothery, L., Scott, G. W., & Morrell, L. J. (2017). Colour preferences of UK garden birds at supplementary seed feeders. PLoS ONE, 12(2), Article e0172422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172422

Supplementary feeding of garden birds generally has benefits for both bird populations and human wellbeing. Birds have excellent colour vision, and show preferences for food items of particular colours, but research into colour preferences associated... Read More about Colour preferences of UK garden birds at supplementary seed feeders.

Conflict between background matching and social signalling in a colour-changing freshwater fish (2016)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Kelley, J. L., & Rodgers, G. M. (2016). Conflict between background matching and social signalling in a colour-changing freshwater fish. Royal Society Open Science, 3(6), 160040. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160040

The ability to change coloration allows animals to modify their patterning to suit a specific function. Many freshwater fishes, for example, can appear cryptic by altering the dispersion of melanin pigment in the skin to match the visual background.... Read More about Conflict between background matching and social signalling in a colour-changing freshwater fish.

The effect of temporally variable environmental stimuli and group size on emergence behavior (2016)
Journal Article
Hansen, M. J., Morrell, L., & Ward, A. J. (2016). The effect of temporally variable environmental stimuli and group size on emergence behavior. Behavioral ecology, 27(3), 939-945. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv237

How animals trade-off food availability and predation threats is a strong determinant of animal activity and behavior; however, the majority of work on this topic has been on individual animals, despite the modulating effect the presence of conspecif... Read More about The effect of temporally variable environmental stimuli and group size on emergence behavior.

Turbidity weakens selection for assortment in body size in groups (2015)
Journal Article
Kimbell, H. S., & Morrell, L. J. (2016). Turbidity weakens selection for assortment in body size in groups. Behavioral ecology, 27(2), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv183

Prey animals commonly associate with similar-looking individuals to reduce predation risk, via a reduction in predator targeting accuracy (the confusion effect) and preferential targeting of distinct individuals (the oddity effect). These effects are... Read More about Turbidity weakens selection for assortment in body size in groups.

Handedness in fiddler crab fights (2015)
Journal Article
Perez, D. M., Heatwole, S. J., Morrell, L. J., & Backwell, P. R. Y. (2015). Handedness in fiddler crab fights. Animal behaviour, 110(December), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.09.012

Asymmetric weapons are common in bilateral animals and, in some species, they can occur on either the left- or the right-hand side of the body (lateralization). Fiddler crabs (Uca spp, Decapoda: Ocypodidae) have an enlarged claw that is used in male–... Read More about Handedness in fiddler crab fights.

Ask a clearer question, get a better answer. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] (2015)
Journal Article
Henri, D., Morrell, L., & Scott, G. (in press). Ask a clearer question, get a better answer. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research, 4, Article 901. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7066.1

Many undergraduate students struggle to engage with higher order skills such as evaluation and synthesis in written assignments, either because they do not understand that these are the aim of written assessment or because these critical thinking ski... Read More about Ask a clearer question, get a better answer. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations].

'Selfish herds' of guppies follow complex movement rules, but not when information is limited (2015)
Journal Article
Kimbell, H. S., & Morrell, L. J. (2015). 'Selfish herds' of guppies follow complex movement rules, but not when information is limited. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1816), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1558

Under the threat of predation, animals can decrease their level of risk by moving towards other individuals to form compact groups. A significant body of theoretical work has proposed multiple movement rules, varying in complexity, which might underl... Read More about 'Selfish herds' of guppies follow complex movement rules, but not when information is limited.

Turbidity influences individual and group level responses to predation in guppies, Poecilia reticulata (2015)
Journal Article
Kimbell, H. S., & Morrell, L. (2015). Turbidity influences individual and group level responses to predation in guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Animal behaviour, 103(May), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.027

© 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Increasing turbidity (either sedimentary or organic) from anthropogenic sources has significant negative impacts on aquatic fauna, both directly and indirectly by disrupting behaviour. In part... Read More about Turbidity influences individual and group level responses to predation in guppies, Poecilia reticulata.

Interactive lectures: Clickers or personal devices? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] (2015)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., & Joyce, D. A. (2015). Interactive lectures: Clickers or personal devices? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research, 4, Article 64. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6207.1

Audience response systems (‘clickers’) are frequently used to promote participation in large lecture classes, and evidence suggests that they convey a number of benefits to students, including improved academic performance and student satisfaction. T... Read More about Interactive lectures: Clickers or personal devices? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved].

Consequences of variation in predator attack for the evolution of the selfish herd (2014)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Greenwood, L., & Ruxton, G. D. (2015). Consequences of variation in predator attack for the evolution of the selfish herd. Evolutionary Ecology, 29(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-014-9743-6

There is a strong body of evidence that patterns of collective behaviour in grouping animals are governed by interactions between small numbers of individuals within the group. These findings contrast with study of the ‘selfish herd’, where increasin... Read More about Consequences of variation in predator attack for the evolution of the selfish herd.

Prey body size mediates the predation risk associated with being "odd" (2014)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Downing, B., & Rodgers, G. M. (2015). Prey body size mediates the predation risk associated with being "odd". Behavioral ecology, 26(1), 242-246. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru185

Despite selection pressures on prey animals to maintain phenotypically homogeneous groups, variation in phenotype within animal groups is commonly observed. Although many prey animals preferentially associate with size-matched individuals, a lack of... Read More about Prey body size mediates the predation risk associated with being "odd".

Use of feed-forward mechanisms in a novel research-led module (2014)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J. (2014). Use of feed-forward mechanisms in a novel research-led module. Bioscience education e-journal BEE-j, 22(1), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.11120/beej.2013.00020

I describe a novel research-led module that combines reduced academic marking loads with increased feedback to students, and allows students to reflect on and improve attainment prior to summative assessment. The module is based around eight seminar-... Read More about Use of feed-forward mechanisms in a novel research-led module.

Why is eusociality an almost exclusively terrestrial phenomenon? (2014)
Journal Article
Ruxton, G. D., Humphries, S., Morrell, L. J., & Wilkinson, D. M. (2014). Why is eusociality an almost exclusively terrestrial phenomenon?. The journal of animal ecology, 83(6), 1248-1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12251

1.Eusociality has evolved multiple times across diverse terrestrial taxa, and eusocial species fundamentally shape many terrestrial ecosystems. However, eusocial species are far less common and have much less ecological impact, in aquatic than terres... Read More about Why is eusociality an almost exclusively terrestrial phenomenon?.

Prey aggregation is an effective olfactory predator avoidance strategy (2014)
Journal Article
Johannesen, A., Dunn, A. M., & Morrell, L. J. (in press). Prey aggregation is an effective olfactory predator avoidance strategy. PeerJ, 2014(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.408

Predator–prey interactions have a major effect on species abundance and diversity, and aggregation is a well-known anti-predator behaviour. For immobile prey, the effectiveness of aggregation depends on two conditions: (a) the inability of the predat... Read More about Prey aggregation is an effective olfactory predator avoidance strategy.

Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions (2013)
Journal Article
Rodgers, G. M., Gladman, N. W., Corless, H. F., & Morrell, L. J. (2013). Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions. The journal of experimental biology, 216(14), 2760-2767. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.080879

Many animals, particularly reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods, have the ability to change their body colour, for functions including thermoregulation, signalling and predator avoidance. Many fish plastically darken their body colouration in r... Read More about Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions.

Initiators, leaders, and recruitment mechanisms in the collective movements of damselfish (2013)
Journal Article
Ward, A. J. W., Herbert-Read, J. E., Jordan, L. A., James, R., Krause, J., Ma, Q., …Morrell, L. J. (2013). Initiators, leaders, and recruitment mechanisms in the collective movements of damselfish. The American naturalist, 181(6), 748-760. https://doi.org/10.1086/670242

Explaining how individual behavior and social interac- tions give rise to group-level outcomes and affect issues such as leadership is fundamental to the understanding of collective behavior. Here we examined individual and collective behavioral dyna... Read More about Initiators, leaders, and recruitment mechanisms in the collective movements of damselfish.

The role of individuality in collective group movement (2013)
Journal Article
Ward, A., Herbert-Read, J., Krause, J., Krause, S., Schaerf, T., & Morrell, L. (2013). The role of individuality in collective group movement. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1752), Article 20122564. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2564

How different levels of biological organization interact to shape each other’s function is a central question in biology. One particularly important topic in this context is how individuals’ variation in behaviour shapes group-level characteristics.... Read More about The role of individuality in collective group movement.

Mixed-phenotype grouping: the interaction between oddity and crypsis (2012)
Journal Article
Rodgers, G. M., Kimbell, H., & Morrell, L. J. (2013). Mixed-phenotype grouping: the interaction between oddity and crypsis. Oecologia, 172(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2473-y

Aggregations of different-looking animals are frequently seen in nature, despite well-documented selection pressures on individuals to maintain phenotypically homogenous groups. Two well-known theories, the ‘confusion effect’ (reduced ability of a pr... Read More about Mixed-phenotype grouping: the interaction between oddity and crypsis.

Olfactory cue use by three-spined sticklebacks foraging in turbid water: prey detection or prey location? (2012)
Journal Article
Johannesen, A., Dunn, A. M., & Morrell, L. J. (2012). Olfactory cue use by three-spined sticklebacks foraging in turbid water: prey detection or prey location?. Animal behaviour, 84(1), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.024

Foraging, when senses are limited to olfaction, is composed of two distinct stages: the detection of prey and the location of prey. While specialist olfactory foragers are able to locate prey using olfactory cues alone, this may not be the case for f... Read More about Olfactory cue use by three-spined sticklebacks foraging in turbid water: prey detection or prey location?.

Artificial enhancement of an extended phenotype signal increases investment in courtship by three-spined sticklebacks (2012)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Hentley, W. T., Wickens, V. J., Wickens, J. B., & Rodgers, G. M. (2012). Artificial enhancement of an extended phenotype signal increases investment in courtship by three-spined sticklebacks. Animal behaviour, 84(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.013

Interactions between the components of a multiple-signal sexual display can be complex, and previous work has shown that alteration of one component can lead to changed investment in either the altered or other display components. Extended phenotype... Read More about Artificial enhancement of an extended phenotype signal increases investment in courtship by three-spined sticklebacks.

Consistency of leadership in shoals of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in novel and in familiar environments (2012)
Journal Article
Burns, A. L. J., Herbert-Read, J. E., Morrell, L. J., & Ward, A. J. W. (2012). Consistency of leadership in shoals of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in novel and in familiar environments. PLoS ONE, 7(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036567

In social animal groups, an individual's spatial position is a major determinant of both predation risk and foraging rewards. Additionally, the occupation of positions in the front of moving groups is generally assumed to correlate with the initiatio... Read More about Consistency of leadership in shoals of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in novel and in familiar environments.

Social network correlates of food availability in an endangered population of killer whales, Orcinus orca (2012)
Journal Article
Foster, E. A., Franks, D. W., Morrell, L., Balcomb, K. C., Parsons, K. M., van Ginneken, A., & Croft, D. P. (2012). Social network correlates of food availability in an endangered population of killer whales, Orcinus orca. Animal behaviour, 83(3), 731-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.021

For the majority of social species, group composition is dynamic, and individuals are interconnected in a heterogeneous social network. Social network structure has far-reaching implications for the ecology of individuals and populations. However, we... Read More about Social network correlates of food availability in an endangered population of killer whales, Orcinus orca.

Predation risk shapes social networks in fission-fusion populations (2011)
Journal Article
Kelley, J. L., Morrell, L. J., Inskip, C., Croft, D. P., & Krause, J. (2011). Predation risk shapes social networks in fission-fusion populations. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e24280. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024280

Predation risk is often associated with group formation in prey, but recent advances in methods for analysing the social structure of animal societies make it possible to quantify the effects of risk on the complex dynamics of spatial and temporal or... Read More about Predation risk shapes social networks in fission-fusion populations.

Balancing the dilution and oddity effects: Decisions depend on body size (2011)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Askwith, B., Rodgers, G. M., & Ward, J. R. (2011). Balancing the dilution and oddity effects: Decisions depend on body size. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e14819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014819

Background Grouping behaviour, common across the animal kingdom, is known to reduce an individual's risk of predation; particularly through dilution of individual risk and predator confusion (predator inability to single out an individual for attack)... Read More about Balancing the dilution and oddity effects: Decisions depend on body size.

Measuring marginal predation in animal groups (2011)
Journal Article
Hirsch, B. T., & Morrell, L. (2011). Measuring marginal predation in animal groups. Behavioral ecology, 22(3), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr026

Predation is a major pressure that shapes animal sociality, but predation risk is not homogenous within groups. Animals located on the group edge typically face an increased threat of predation, although different patterns have been reported. We crea... Read More about Measuring marginal predation in animal groups.

Spatial positioning in the selfish herd (2010)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Ruxton, G. D., & James, R. (2011). Spatial positioning in the selfish herd. Behavioral ecology, 22(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq157

The antipredator benefits of grouping are relatively well understood; however, predation risk often differs for individuals that occupy different positions within a group. The selfish herd hypothesis describes how individuals can reduce risk of preda... Read More about Spatial positioning in the selfish herd.

The temporal selfish herd: predation risk while aggregations form (2010)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Ruxton, G. D., & James, R. (2011). The temporal selfish herd: predation risk while aggregations form. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1705), 605-612. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1605

The hypothesis of the selfish herd has been highly influential to our understanding of animal aggregation. Various movement strategies have been proposed by which individuals might aggregate to form a selfish herd as a defence against predation, but... Read More about The temporal selfish herd: predation risk while aggregations form.

Colour change and assortment in the western rainbowfish (2010)
Journal Article
Rodgers, G. M., Kelley, J. L., & Morrell, L. J. (2010). Colour change and assortment in the western rainbowfish. Animal behaviour, 79(5), 1025-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.01.017

Grouping behaviour is widespread across the animal kingdom, and is known to reduce an individual's risk of predation, for example through predator confusion. Theory predicts that individuals that are different in appearance to the rest of the group a... Read More about Colour change and assortment in the western rainbowfish.

Unpredictability in food supply during early life influences boldness in fish (2010)
Journal Article
Chapman, B. B., Krause, J., & Morrell, L. J. (2010). Unpredictability in food supply during early life influences boldness in fish. Behavioral ecology, 21(3), 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq003

Behavioral variation has been documented both between and within populations in a variety of traits. Many of these behavioral traits are phenotypically plastic and are conditional on the early environment an animal experiences, yet despite this the r... Read More about Unpredictability in food supply during early life influences boldness in fish.

Behavioural consequences of sensory plasticity in guppies (2010)
Journal Article
Chapman, B. B., Morrell, L. J., Tosh, C. R., & Krause, J. (2010). Behavioural consequences of sensory plasticity in guppies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1686), 1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2055

Sensory plasticity, whereby individuals compensate for sensory deprivation in one sense by an improvement in the performance of an alternative sense, is a well-documented phenomenon in nature. Despite this, the behavioural and ecological consequences... Read More about Behavioural consequences of sensory plasticity in guppies.

Plasticity in male courtship behaviour as a function of light intensity in guppies (2009)
Journal Article
Chapman, B. B., Morrell, L. J., & Krause, J. (2009). Plasticity in male courtship behaviour as a function of light intensity in guppies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63(12), 1757-1763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0796-4

The environment is profoundly important in shaping many aspects of animal phenotype, including courtship and mating behaviours. Courtship displays rely upon the transmission of visual information from the signaller to the receiver, which means they a... Read More about Plasticity in male courtship behaviour as a function of light intensity in guppies.

The effect of prey density on predators: Conspicuousness and attack success are sensitive to spatial scale (2009)
Journal Article
Ioannou, C. C., Morrell, L. J., Ruxton, G. D., & Krause, J. (2009). The effect of prey density on predators: Conspicuousness and attack success are sensitive to spatial scale. The American naturalist, 173(4), 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1086/597219

In contrast to the numerous studies that have examined the response of predators to prey group size, little is known about how prey density affects prey detection and the accuracy of attacks. We demonstrate that increasing the density of Daphnia magn... Read More about The effect of prey density on predators: Conspicuousness and attack success are sensitive to spatial scale.

Does defection during predator inspection affect social structure in wild shoals of guppies? (2008)
Journal Article
Thomas, P. O. R., Croft, D. P., Morrell, L., Davis, A., Faria, J. J., Dyer, J. R. G., …Krause, J. (2008). Does defection during predator inspection affect social structure in wild shoals of guppies?. Animal behaviour, 75(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.004

Reciprocal altruism has been proposed as a possible mechanism for the evolution of cooperative behaviour. However, very few investigations have tested predictions of reciprocity in wild animal populations. In the current investigation we simulated de... Read More about Does defection during predator inspection affect social structure in wild shoals of guppies?.

Risk-sensitive antipredator behavior in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata (2008)
Journal Article
Botham, M. S., Hayward, R. K., Morrell, L. J., Croft, D. P., Ward, J. R., Ramnarine, I., & Krause, J. (2008). Risk-sensitive antipredator behavior in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Ecology, 89(11), 3174-3185. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0490.1

The comparative approach has become a powerful tool for understanding how predation has shaped prey behavior. In this study we recorded the occurrence of common aquatic predator species and their densities in seven natural populations of Trinidadian... Read More about Risk-sensitive antipredator behavior in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

Shoal composition determines foraging success in the guppy (2008)
Journal Article
Dyer, J. R. G., Croft, D. P., Morrell, L. J., & Krause, J. (2009). Shoal composition determines foraging success in the guppy. Behavioral ecology, 20(1), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn129

The composition of an animal group can impact greatly on the survival and success of its individual members. Much recent work has concentrated on behavioral variation within animal populations along the bold/shy continuum. Here, we screened individua... Read More about Shoal composition determines foraging success in the guppy.

Association patterns and foraging behaviour in natural and artificial guppy shoals (2008)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Croft, D. P., Dyer, J. R. G., Chapman, B. B., Kelley, J. L., Laland, K. N., & Krause, J. (2008). Association patterns and foraging behaviour in natural and artificial guppy shoals. Animal behaviour, 76(3), 855-864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.02.015

Animal groups are often nonrandom assemblages of individuals that tend to be assorted by factors such as sex, body size, relatedness and familiarity. Laboratory studies using fish have shown that familiarity among shoal members confers a number of be... Read More about Association patterns and foraging behaviour in natural and artificial guppy shoals.

Optimal individual positions within animal groups (2008)
Journal Article
Morrell, L., & Romey, W. L. (2008). Optimal individual positions within animal groups. Behavioral ecology, 19(4), 909-919. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn050

Animal groups are highly variable in their spatial structure, and individual fitness is strongly associated with the spatial position of an animal within a group. Predation risk and food gains are often higher at the group peripheries; thus, animals... Read More about Optimal individual positions within animal groups.

Mechanisms for aggregation in animals: Rule success depends on ecological variables (2007)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., & James, R. (2008). Mechanisms for aggregation in animals: Rule success depends on ecological variables. Behavioral ecology, 19(1), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arm122

Under the threat of predation, animals often group tightly together, with all group members benefiting from a reduction in predation risk through various mechanisms, including the dilution, encounter-dilution, and predator confusion effects. Addition... Read More about Mechanisms for aggregation in animals: Rule success depends on ecological variables.

Early interactions with adults mediate the development of predator defenses in guppies (2007)
Journal Article
Chapman, B. B., Morrell, L. J., Benton, T. G., & Krause, J. (2008). Early interactions with adults mediate the development of predator defenses in guppies. Behavioral ecology, 19(1), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arm111

Antipredator defenses in many species have been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to variable predation risk. Some evidence suggests that in certain species adults act as proxy predators, triggering the development of adaptive defens... Read More about Early interactions with adults mediate the development of predator defenses in guppies.

Consensus decision making in human crowds (2007)
Journal Article
Dyer, J. R. G., Ioannou, C. C., Morrell, L. J., Croft, D. P., Couzin, I. D., Waters, D. A., & Krause, J. (2008). Consensus decision making in human crowds. Animal behaviour, 75(2), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.010

In groups of animals only a small proportion of individuals may possess particular information, such as a migration route or the direction to a resource. Individuals may differ in preferred direction resulting in conflicts of interest and, therefore,... Read More about Consensus decision making in human crowds.

A cost of leadership in human groups (2007)
Journal Article
Piyapong, C., Morrell, L. J., Croft, D. P., Dyer, J. R. G., Ioannou, C. C., & Krause, J. (2007). A cost of leadership in human groups. Ethology, 113(9), 821-824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01382.x

Group living is the result of a dynamic trade-off between associated costs and benefits. However, these costs and benefits are not necessarily distributed equally across different spatial positions of groups which may result in different fitness retu... Read More about A cost of leadership in human groups.

Diet, familiarity and shoaling decisions in guppies (2007)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Hunt, K. L., Croft, D. P., & Krause, J. (2007). Diet, familiarity and shoaling decisions in guppies. Animal behaviour, 74(2), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.021

Animals are known to derive benefits from associating with familiar individuals, and familiarity is important in the structuring of animal groups. In fish, individuals are known to shoal preferentially with others they have previously spent time with... Read More about Diet, familiarity and shoaling decisions in guppies.

Why do female migratory birds arrive later than males? (2006)
Journal Article
Kokko, H., Gunnarsson, T. G., Morrell, L. J., & Gill, J. A. (2006). Why do female migratory birds arrive later than males?. The journal of animal ecology, 75(6), 1293-1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01151.x

1. In migratory birds males tend to arrive first on breeding grounds, except in sex-role reversed species. The two most common explanations are the rank advantage hypothesis, in which male-male competition for breeding sites drives stronger selection... Read More about Why do female migratory birds arrive later than males?.

From hawks and doves to self-consistent games of territorial behavior (2006)
Journal Article
Kokko, H., López-Sepulcre, A., & Morrell, L. J. (2006). From hawks and doves to self-consistent games of territorial behavior. The American naturalist, 167(6), 901-912. https://doi.org/10.1086/504604

Explaining the "prior-residence effect" (automatic owner status of individuals who arrived first in an area) was one of the very first applications of game theory in animal behavior. These models, however, predict paradoxical solutions where intruder... Read More about From hawks and doves to self-consistent games of territorial behavior.

Predation risk as a driving force for sexual segregation: A cross-population comparison (2006)
Journal Article
Croft, D., Morrell, L. J., Wade, A. S., Piyapong, C., Ioannou, C. C., Dyer, J. R. G., …Krause, J. (2006). Predation risk as a driving force for sexual segregation: A cross-population comparison. The American naturalist, 167(6), 867-878. https://doi.org/10.1086/504853

Sexual segregation is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Although a number of hypotheses have been proposed to account for observed patterns, the generality of the mechanisms remains debated. One possible reason for this is the focus on segreg... Read More about Predation risk as a driving force for sexual segregation: A cross-population comparison.

Fighting in fiddler crabs Uca mjoebergi: what determines duration? (2005)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Backwell, P. R., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2005). Fighting in fiddler crabs Uca mjoebergi: what determines duration?. Animal behaviour, 70(3), 653-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.11.014

Contest duration in animals is often interpreted as being a consequence of mutual assessment of the difference in the competitors' resource-holding potential (RHP), allowing the inferior individual to avoid costly interactions it is likely to lose. D... Read More about Fighting in fiddler crabs Uca mjoebergi: what determines duration?.

Why are small males aggressive? (2005)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., Lindström, J., & Ruxton, G. D. (2005). Why are small males aggressive?. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272(1569), 1235-1241. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3085

Aggression is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, whenever the interests of individuals conflict. In contests between animals, the larger opponent is often victorious. However, counter intuitively, an individual that has little chance of winning (gener... Read More about Why are small males aggressive?.

Mate guarding, male attractiveness, and paternity under social monogamy (2005)
Journal Article
Kokko, H., & Morrell, L. (2005). Mate guarding, male attractiveness, and paternity under social monogamy. Behavioral ecology, 16(4), 724-731. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari050

Socially monogamous species vary widely in the frequency of extrapair offspring, but this is usually discussed assuming that females are free to express mate choice. Using game-theory modeling, we investigate the evolution of male mate guarding, and... Read More about Mate guarding, male attractiveness, and paternity under social monogamy.

Bridging the gap between mechanistic and adaptive explanations of territory formation (2004)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., & Kokko, H. (2005). Bridging the gap between mechanistic and adaptive explanations of territory formation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57(4), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0859-5

How animals divide space can have fundamental implications for the population dynamics of territorial species. It has recently been proposed that space can be divided if animals tend to avoid fight locations, rather than the winner of fights gaining... Read More about Bridging the gap between mechanistic and adaptive explanations of territory formation.

Can too strong female choice deteriorate male ornamentation? (2004)
Journal Article
Morrell, L., & Kokko, H. (2004). Can too strong female choice deteriorate male ornamentation?. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(1548), 1597-1604. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2763

Competition for limited resources can have fundamental implications for population dynamics. However, the effects of resource depletion have rarely been discussed in the context of sexual selection, even though mate choice typically favours males who... Read More about Can too strong female choice deteriorate male ornamentation?.

Are behavioural trade-offs all they seem? Counter-intuitive resolution of the conflict between two behaviours (2004)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J. (2004). Are behavioural trade-offs all they seem? Counter-intuitive resolution of the conflict between two behaviours. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56(6), 539-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0821-6

The understanding of trade-offs between behaviours is fundamental to the study of animal behaviour. Individuals may often be faced with the choice of which of two mutually incompatible behaviours to perform. Here, I present a model investigating the... Read More about Are behavioural trade-offs all they seem? Counter-intuitive resolution of the conflict between two behaviours.

Adaptive strategies of territory formation (2003)
Journal Article
Morrell, L. J., & Kokko, H. (2003). Adaptive strategies of territory formation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54(4), 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0663-7

How do territorial animals gain ownership of an area? Early modelling has considered the evolution of fighting when the winner can claim the right to the resource. Recently, alternative hypotheses have been offered where repeated interactions lead to... Read More about Adaptive strategies of territory formation.