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A Tutorial on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Nanogap Electrodes for Biosensing Applications

Kemp, N. T.

Authors

N. T. Kemp



Abstract

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful measurement technique used by scientists and engineers to characterize and understand the interfacial behavior of liquid-solid interfaces. Such investigations are important in numerous applications and fields of research, including electrochemical synthesis and deposition of materials, such as metals and conducting polymers, corrosion protection analysis, investigation of molecule-surface interactions, and research on batteries and fuel cells. In recent years, advances in nanotechnology have led to a rise in the use of EIS in chemical and bio-sensing. Areas such as molecular diagnostics and healthcare can greatly benefit from this novel technology, which includes low-cost, rapid response measurements that can be done by non-experts at the point of care. For new entrants, the depth of knowledge and breadth of EIS and its many applications can be rather daunting. This article therefore serves as a tutorial on basic EIS theory, whilst highlighting new applications in advanced bio-sensing. The tutorial begins with a theoretical overview, including electrical AC impedance, formation and structure of electrical double layers at liquid solid-interfaces and equivalent circuit models used to represent interfacial phenomena. This is followed by an introduction to bio-sensing and a review of recent research highlights on resistive and capacitive biosensors based on nanogap electrodes, especially those having novel applications from DNA detection to nanoparticle capturing. Lastly, the article highlights a recent new breakthrough on how the combination of nanogap electrodes with label-free methods, such as aptamer functionalized surfaces, can make capacitive sensors with extremely high sensitivity and specificity.

Citation

Kemp, N. T. (2021). A Tutorial on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Nanogap Electrodes for Biosensing Applications. IEEE sensors journal, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3084284

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date May 24, 2021
Online Publication Date May 27, 2021
Publication Date 2021
Deposit Date Jul 2, 2021
Publicly Available Date Mar 29, 2024
Journal IEEE Sensors Journal
Print ISSN 1530-437X
Electronic ISSN 1558-1748
Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3084284
Keywords Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS); Electrode double layer (EDL); Capacitive biosensor; Nanogap electrodes; AC impedance; Aptamer; Label-free
Public URL https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/3788125

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© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.





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