Digital Sovereignty in Global Trade: Analysing WTO Governance of Data Flows

Lateef, Misbau Alamu

Abstract

This paper examines the evolving landscape of cross-border data flows within the international trade law framework, with particular focus on the World Trade Organization's governance mechanisms. While digital trade and data transfers have become central to global commerce, the pre-internet WTO agreements present significant interpretative challenges in regulating these phenomena. Using doctrinal analysis, this paper critically assesses the application of GATT and GATS provisions to cross-border data flows, evaluates emerging regional approaches such as the RCEP and CPTPP, and examines the tension between trade liberalisation objectives and domestic policy priorities including data privacy and digital sovereignty. The paper argues that while existing exceptions within WTO agreements potentially accommodate legitimate public policy objectives, the current fragmented regulatory approach creates legal uncertainty and risks undermining both free trade principles and legitimate regulatory interests. The paper contributes to scholarly discourse by proposing a balanced framework that reconciles trade facilitation with recognition of national regulatory autonomy in the digital sphere.

Citation

Lateef, M. A. (2025). Digital Sovereignty in Global Trade: Analysing WTO Governance of Data Flows. Beijing law review, 16(2), 875-907. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2025.162044

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 12, 2025
• Online Publication Date: Jun 17, 2025
• Publication Date: Jun 1, 2025
• Deposit Date: Apr 12, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 17, 2025
• Print ISSN: 2159-4627
• Publisher: Scientific Research Publishing
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 16
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 875-907
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2025.162044
• Keywords: Digital trade governance, cross-border data flows, WTO framework, data localisation, digital sovereignty, GATS, regulatory coherence, trade liberalisation.
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/5129293