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Reimagining Dementia Care: A Complex Intervention Systematic Review on Optimising Social Prescribing (SP) for Carers of People Living with Dementia (PLWD) in the United Kingdom

Marshall, Jessica; Papavasiliou, Evie; Allan, Louise; Bradbury, Katherine; Fox, Chris; Hawkes, Matthew; Irvine, Anne; Moniz-Cook, Esme; Pick, Aimee; Polley, Marie; Rathbone, Amy; Reeve, Joanne; Robinson, Louise; Robinson, Dame Louise; Rook, George; Sadler, Euan; Wolverson, Emma; Walker, Sarah; Cross, Jane; On behalf of the SPLENDID Collaboration

Authors

Jessica Marshall

Evie Papavasiliou

Louise Allan

Katherine Bradbury

Chris Fox

Matthew Hawkes

Anne Irvine

Profile image of Esme Moniz-Cook

Professor Esme Moniz-Cook E.D.Moniz-Cook@hull.ac.uk
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychology of Ageing and Dementia Care Research / Dementia Research Work Group Lead

Aimee Pick

Marie Polley

Amy Rathbone

Louise Robinson

Dame Louise Robinson

George Rook

Euan Sadler

Emma Wolverson

Sarah Walker

Jane Cross

On behalf of the SPLENDID Collaboration



Abstract

Introduction: Carers of people living with dementia (PLWD) face a range of complex needs, including medical, emotional, social and practical challenges, often exacerbated by social isolation and barriers to accessing support. Social prescribing (SP) addresses these needs by increasing access to non-clinical support and services. However, existing research lacks detailed descriptions of SP interventions for carers of PLWD, with limited understanding of the needs they target, the reasons for participation, their effectiveness and their potential to improve outcomes for carers of PLWD. Methods: A complex intervention systematic review of SP for carers of PLWD was undertaken using iterative logic modelling and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-CI) extension statement and checklist. Six databases and grey literature were searched, supplemented by hand searching reference lists of included studies. Results were screened in a two-step process, followed by data extraction. Gough's Weight of Evidence Framework was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Results: Fifty-two studies were included. Findings indicated SP for carers of PLWD in the United Kingdom is varied and operates in a largely uncoordinated process involving initiation by diverse stakeholders and institutions across multiple sectors. The classification of SP interventions for carers of PLWD is inconsistent, and participation is often opportunistic. Positive outcomes included improved carer mood, social connections, practical support, quality of life and better PLWD–carer relationships. However, negative outcomes were associated with intervention suitability, emotional impact, relevance and strained PLWD–carer relationships. Discussion: While the evidence suggests SP is a promising intervention for carers of PLWD, its long-term impacts, challenges of tailoring prescriptions to carers' needs and overcoming logistical issues remain. Additionally, further research is required to evaluate long-term impact, investigate specific mechanisms to tailor SP to specific carer needs and explore in greater detail the PLWD–carer relationship and its effects on SP uptake and maintenance. Patient and Public Contributions: A PPI advisory group was involved in the review, including providing insights into review questions, the logic model, findings and results. The group consisted of one person living with dementia and a caregiver.

Citation

Marshall, J., Papavasiliou, E., Allan, L., Bradbury, K., Fox, C., Hawkes, M., Irvine, A., Moniz-Cook, E., Pick, A., Polley, M., Rathbone, A., Reeve, J., Robinson, D. L., Robinson, L., Rook, G., Sadler, E., Wolverson, E., Walker, S., Cross, J., & On behalf of the SPLENDID Collaboration. (2025). Reimagining Dementia Care: A Complex Intervention Systematic Review on Optimising Social Prescribing (SP) for Carers of People Living with Dementia (PLWD) in the United Kingdom. Health Expectations, 28(3), Article e70286. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.70286

Journal Article Type Review
Acceptance Date Apr 17, 2025
Online Publication Date May 10, 2025
Publication Date 2025-06
Deposit Date Apr 23, 2025
Publicly Available Date May 12, 2025
Print ISSN 1369-6513
Publisher Wiley
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 28
Issue 3
Article Number e70286
DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.70286
Public URL https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/5132624

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Copyright Statement
© 2025 The Author(s). Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.





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