Decoupling the Effects of Temperature, Strain, and Refractive Index in Long-Period Fiber Grating Used for Epoxy Resin Cure Monitoring

Ivanov, Oleg V.; Bhavsar, Kaushal; Gilbert, James M.

Abstract

Epoxy resins are widely used in the manufacture of composite materials for a wide range of applications. Control of the curing process is an important consideration in ensuring product quality and minimizing production times. The curing of epoxy resin is associated with temperature, strain, and refractive index changes but it is difficult to monitor these quantities individually and hence difficult to achieve accurate control of the curing process. One promising approach for monitoring these quantities is the use of long-period fiber gratings (LPFG). We analyze the spectral response of a LPFG in epoxy resins to temperature, strain, and refractive index. Wavelength shifts and dip amplitudes of cladding mode notches are monitored and are used to decouple temperature, strain, and refractive index for gratings in air, liquid, and hardened resins. The three measurands are found from wavelength shifts and dip amplitudes, employing multiplication by a weighted pseudo-inverse matrix assuming linear dependences between the spectral and external parameters. We propose a new model to describe the influence of fiber parameters and external refractive index, temperature, and strain on the spectral behavior of long-period fiber gratings in epoxy resins during hardening. The results obtained can be utilized for multiparameter cure process monitoring of epoxy resins by using long-period fiber gratings.

Citation

Ivanov, O. V., Bhavsar, K., & Gilbert, J. M. (2025). Decoupling the Effects of Temperature, Strain, and Refractive Index in Long-Period Fiber Grating Used for Epoxy Resin Cure Monitoring. Sensors, 25(3), Article 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030786

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 26, 2025
• Online Publication Date: Jan 28, 2025
• Publication Date: Feb 1, 2025
• Deposit Date: Feb 13, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 13, 2025
• Journal: Sensors
• Print ISSN: 1424-8220
• Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
• Publisher: MDPI
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 25
• Issue: 3
• Article Number: 786
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030786
• Keywords: long-period fiber grating; epoxy resin; cure monitoring; refractive index sensing
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/5040558