Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences

Polman, Remco C. J.; Polman, Remco C.J.; Nicholls, Adam R.; Polman, R. C J; Levy, Andrew R.; Backhouse, Susan H.

Abstract

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in mental toughness among athletes of different: (a) achievement level, (b) gender, (c) age, (d) sporting experience, and (e) sport type (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact sports). Participants were 677 athletes and consisted of sports performers competing at international (n = 60), national (n = 99), county (n = 198), club/university (n = 289), and beginner (n = 31) levels. Results revealed a significant relationship between mental toughness and gender, age, and sporting experience. However, achievement level and the type of sport an athlete participated in was not significantly associated with mental toughness. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Citation

Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A. R., & Backhouse, S. H. (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences, 47(1), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Feb 3, 2009
• Online Publication Date: Mar 14, 2009
• Publication Date: 2009-07
• Journal: PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
• Print ISSN: 0191-8869
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 47
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 73-75
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
• Keywords: General Psychology
• Public URL: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/391316
• Publisher URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886909000750?via%3Dihub