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Outputs (72)

High INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): a qualitative acceptability study (2024)
Journal Article
Pymer, S., Harwood, A., Ibeggazene, S., McGregor, G., Huang, C., Nicholls, A., …Twiddy, M. (2024). High INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): a qualitative acceptability study. Annals of vascular surgery, 102, Article 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2023.11.043

Introduction A novel high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programme has demonstrated feasibility for patients with intermittent claudication (IC). The aim of this study was to explore patient perspectives of the HIIT programme to inform refinemen... Read More about High INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): a qualitative acceptability study.

“Time may change me, but you can’t trace time”: the (In)stability of psycho-social doping profiles among adolescent athletes (2023)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., & Perry, J. L. (in press). “Time may change me, but you can’t trace time”: the (In)stability of psycho-social doping profiles among adolescent athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2274414

The Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory (ASDI; [Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Meir, R., Sanctuary, C., Jones, L., Baghurst, T., Thompson, M. A., & Perry, J. L. (2019). The development and validation of the adolescent sport drug inventory (ASDI) among a... Read More about “Time may change me, but you can’t trace time”: the (In)stability of psycho-social doping profiles among adolescent athletes.

High-intensity interval training in patients with intermittent claudication (2023)
Journal Article
Pymer, S., Harwood, A. E., Prosser, J., Waddell, A., Rhavindhran, B., McGregor, G., …Chetter, I. C. (2023). High-intensity interval training in patients with intermittent claudication. Journal of vascular surgery, 78(4), 1048-1056.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2023.05.045

Objective: Provision, uptake, adherence, and completion rates for supervised exercise programs (SEP) for intermittent claudication (IC) are low. A shorter, more time-efficient, 6-week, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program may be an effecti... Read More about High-intensity interval training in patients with intermittent claudication.

Multi-wave analyses of coping, athlete burnout, and well-being among F. A. Premier League academy players (2022)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., & Earle, K. (2022). Multi-wave analyses of coping, athlete burnout, and well-being among F. A. Premier League academy players. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 979486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.979486

Being a player with an F. A. Premier football academy is very prestigious for young players, but it can also be very stressful too. Coping with stress is particularly important given that one of the undesirable consequences linked to chronic stress i... Read More about Multi-wave analyses of coping, athlete burnout, and well-being among F. A. Premier League academy players.

Snitches get Stitches and End up in Ditches: A Systematic Review of the Factors Associated with Whistleblowing Intentions (2021)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Fairs, L. R., Toner, J., Jones, L., Mantis, C., Barkoukis, V., …Schomöller, A. (2021). Snitches get Stitches and End up in Ditches: A Systematic Review of the Factors Associated with Whistleblowing Intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 631538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631538

Blowing the whistle on corruption or wrongdoing can facilitate the detection, investigation, and then prosecution of a violation that may have otherwise gone undetected. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the factors that are assoc... Read More about Snitches get Stitches and End up in Ditches: A Systematic Review of the Factors Associated with Whistleblowing Intentions.

Pleasant emotions widen thought-action repertoires, develop long-term resources, and improve reaction time performance: A multi-study examination of the Broaden-and-Build theory among athletes (2021)
Journal Article
Perry, J. L., Burke, R., Toner, J., Thompson, M., & Nicholls, A. R. (2021). Pleasant emotions widen thought-action repertoires, develop long-term resources, and improve reaction time performance: A multi-study examination of the Broaden-and-Build theory among athletes. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 43(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSEP.2020-0192

The authors investigated relationships between emotions, coping, and resilience across two studies. In Study 1a, 319 athletes completed dispositional questionnaires relating to the aforementioned constructs. In Study 1b, 126 athletes from Study 1a re... Read More about Pleasant emotions widen thought-action repertoires, develop long-term resources, and improve reaction time performance: A multi-study examination of the Broaden-and-Build theory among athletes.

Investigating the alignment between coaches’ ideological beliefs and academy philosophy in professional youth football (2020)
Journal Article
Hall, J., Cope, E., Townsend, R. C., & Nicholls, A. R. (in press). Investigating the alignment between coaches’ ideological beliefs and academy philosophy in professional youth football. Sport, Education and Society, https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1856061

© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The impacts of professional sporting culture and institutional discourse on coaching practices and ideologies have largely been unconsidered and undiscussed. Understanding coaching pract... Read More about Investigating the alignment between coaches’ ideological beliefs and academy philosophy in professional youth football.

Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches (2020)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Fairs, L. R., Plata-Andrés, M., Bailey, ​., Cope, ​., Madigan, ​. D. J., …​ Chanal​, ​. (2020). Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), Article 000800. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000800

Objectives Sports coaches are influential in whether athletes dope, but receive very little antidoping education, particularly within entry-level coaching qualifications. We tested the feasibility of an antidoping intervention, delivered via a mobile... Read More about Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches.

The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes (2020)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Meir, R., Sanctuary, C., Jones, L., Baghurst, T., …Perry, J. L. (2020). The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01564

© Copyright © 2020 Nicholls, Levy, Meir, Sanctuary, Jones, Baghurst, Thompson and Perry. Although there are few high-profile cases of adolescent athletes being caught doping, up to a third of young athletes may dope. In order to generate a more accur... Read More about The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes.

high INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): protocol for a multi-centre, proof-of-concept, prospective interventional study (2020)
Journal Article
Pymer, S., Harwood, A., Ibeggazene, S., McGregor, G., Huang, C., Twiddy, M., …Chetter, I. C. (2020). high INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): protocol for a multi-centre, proof-of-concept, prospective interventional study. BMJ open, 10(7), Article e038825. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038825

Introduction: The first-line recommended treatment for patients with intermittent claudication (IC), is a supervised exercise programme (SEP), which includes a minimum of 2 hours exercise per week over a 12-week period. However, provision, uptake, an... Read More about high INtensity Interval Training In pATiEnts with intermittent claudication (INITIATE): protocol for a multi-centre, proof-of-concept, prospective interventional study.

The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial (2020)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Morley, D., Thompson, M. A., Huang, C., Abt, G., Rothwell, M., …Ntoumanis, N. (2020). The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Drug Policy, 82, Article 102820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102820

Background: This study examined the effects of the iPlayClean anti-doping intervention on attitudes towards doping and susceptibility, and whether delivery mode affected the results. Methods: A total of 1,081 high-level UK athletes (14-18 years old... Read More about The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial.

The Effects of the iPlayClean Education Programme on Doping Attitudes and Susceptibility to use Banned Substances among High-Level Adolescent Athletes from the UK: A Cluster-Randomised Control Trial (2020)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A., Morley, D., Thompson, M. A., Huang, C., Abt, G., Rothwell, M., …Ntoumanis, N. (in press). The Effects of the iPlayClean Education Programme on Doping Attitudes and Susceptibility to use Banned Substances among High-Level Adolescent Athletes from the UK: A Cluster-Randomised Control Trial. International Journal of Drug Policy,

Background: This study examined the effects of the iPlayClean anti-doping intervention on attitudes towards doping and susceptibility, and whether delivery mode affected the results. Methods: A total of 1,081 high-level UK athletes (14-18 years old... Read More about The Effects of the iPlayClean Education Programme on Doping Attitudes and Susceptibility to use Banned Substances among High-Level Adolescent Athletes from the UK: A Cluster-Randomised Control Trial.

Stress appraisals influence athletic performance and psychophysiological response during 16.1 km cycling time trials (2020)
Journal Article
Thompson, M. A., Toner, J., Perry, J. L., Burke, R., & Nicholls, A. R. (2020). Stress appraisals influence athletic performance and psychophysiological response during 16.1 km cycling time trials. Psychology of sport and exercise, 49(July), Article 101682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101682

Objectives: We examined how stress appraisals were associated with emotions, coping behaviours, as well as subjective and objective measures of performance. Design: Prospective field- and laboratory-based studies. Methods: In Study 1, 192 athletes... Read More about Stress appraisals influence athletic performance and psychophysiological response during 16.1 km cycling time trials.

Mental health and psychological well-being among professional rugby league players from the UK (2020)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., Fairs, L. R. W., & Bailey, R. (2020). Mental health and psychological well-being among professional rugby league players from the UK. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), Article e000711. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000711

Objective: This study aimed to measure depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and psychological well-being among a sample of Super League players, the highest tier of professional rugby league in the northern hemisphere. Methods: Between November 2018... Read More about Mental health and psychological well-being among professional rugby league players from the UK.

Coping tendencies and changes in athlete burnout over time (2020)
Journal Article
Madigan, D. . J., Rumbold, J. L., Gerber, M., & Nicholls, A. R. (2020). Coping tendencies and changes in athlete burnout over time. Psychology of sport and exercise, 48, Article 101666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101666

Burnout can lead to numerous negative outcomes for athletes. While we know a reasonable amount about how athlete burnout develops over time, we know comparably less about the role of coping in this process. The present study aimed to help address thi... Read More about Coping tendencies and changes in athlete burnout over time.

Cheater, cheater, pumpkin eater: the Dark Triad, attitudes towards doping, and cheating behaviour among athletes (2019)
Journal Article
Madigan, D. J., Duncan, L., Hallward, L., Lazuras, L., Bingham, K., Fairs, L. R., & Nicholls, A. R. (2020). Cheater, cheater, pumpkin eater: the Dark Triad, attitudes towards doping, and cheating behaviour among athletes. European journal of sport science : the official journal of the European College of Sport Science, 20(8), 1124-1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1694079

We examined the relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), attitudes towards doping, and cheating behaviour among athletes. One-hundred and sixty-four athletes completed a completed a matr... Read More about Cheater, cheater, pumpkin eater: the Dark Triad, attitudes towards doping, and cheating behaviour among athletes.

The development and validation of the Adolescent Sport Drug Inventory (ASDI) among athletes from four continents (2019)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Meir, R., Sanctuary, C., Jones, L., Baghurst, T., …Perry, J. L. (2019). The development and validation of the Adolescent Sport Drug Inventory (ASDI) among athletes from four continents. Psychological assessment, 31(11), 1279–1293. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000750

A significant barrier to understanding the psychosocial antecedents of doping use among adolescent athletes is the lack of valid measures. In order to address this issue, the first aim of this paper was to develop and validate the Adolescent Sport Dr... Read More about The development and validation of the Adolescent Sport Drug Inventory (ASDI) among athletes from four continents.

The dark triad in male and female athletes and non-athletes: Group differences and psychometric properties of the short dark triad (SD3) (2019)
Journal Article
Vaughan, R., Madigan, D., Carter, G., & Nicholls, A. R. (2019). The dark triad in male and female athletes and non-athletes: Group differences and psychometric properties of the short dark triad (SD3). Psychology of sport and exercise, 43, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.002

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Objectives: The Short Dark Triad (SD3) is a popular, brief measure of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, which are known as the Dark Triad. The present study adopted this measure and had two aims. First, to assess the... Read More about The dark triad in male and female athletes and non-athletes: Group differences and psychometric properties of the short dark triad (SD3).

The prevalence and influence of psychosocial factors on technical refinement amongst highly-skilled tennis players (2018)
Journal Article
Toner, J., Carson, H. J., Collins, D., & Nicholls, A. (2020). The prevalence and influence of psychosocial factors on technical refinement amongst highly-skilled tennis players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(2), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1511621

The present study investigated the prevalence and influence of psychosocial factors amongst a sample of highly-skilled athletes who had previously attempted to refine their technique. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eight t... Read More about The prevalence and influence of psychosocial factors on technical refinement amongst highly-skilled tennis players.

The prevalence of pseudoscientific ideas and neuromyths among sports coaches (2018)
Journal Article
Bailey, R. P., Madigan, D. J., Cope, E., & Nicholls, A. R. (2018). The prevalence of pseudoscientific ideas and neuromyths among sports coaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(MAY), Article 641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00641

There has been an exponential growth in research examining the neurological basis of human cognition and learning. Little is known, however, about the extent to which sports coaches are aware of these advances. Consequently, the aim of the present st... Read More about The prevalence of pseudoscientific ideas and neuromyths among sports coaches.

The independent and interactive effects of the big five personality dimensions upon dispositional coping and coping effectiveness in sport (2017)
Journal Article
Kaiseler, M., Levy, A., Nicholls, A. R., & Madigan, D. J. (2019). The independent and interactive effects of the big five personality dimensions upon dispositional coping and coping effectiveness in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(4), 410-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1362459

We examined the independent and interactive effects of the Big-Five personality traits on dispositional coping and coping effectiveness among athletes. Participants were 400 athletes (mean age 22.97, s =7.00) from the United Kingdom. The athletes com... Read More about The independent and interactive effects of the big five personality dimensions upon dispositional coping and coping effectiveness in sport.

Perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship predict the attainment of mastery achievement goals six months later : a two-wave longitudinal study among F.A. Premier League academy soccer players (2017)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Earle, K., Earle, F., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship predict the attainment of mastery achievement goals six months later : a two-wave longitudinal study among F.A. Premier League academy soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00684

All football teams that compete within the F. A. Premier League possess an academy, whose objective is to produce more and better home-grown players that are capable of playing professionally. These young players spend a large amount of time with the... Read More about Perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship predict the attainment of mastery achievement goals six months later : a two-wave longitudinal study among F.A. Premier League academy soccer players.

Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs : the dark triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes (2017)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., Backhouse, S. H., & Levy, A. R. (2017). Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs : the dark triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes. Personality and individual differences, 112, 113-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.062

The use of performance enhancing drugs, also known as doping, can represent a serious threat to an athlete’s psychological and physical health and contravenes the spirit of sport. Scholars identified attitudes towards doping as a crucial factor that... Read More about Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs : the dark triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes.

The psychological challenges of living with an ileostomy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis (2017)
Journal Article
Smith, J. A., Spiers, J., Simpson, P., & Nicholls, A. R. (2017). The psychological challenges of living with an ileostomy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology, 36(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000427

Objectives: Ileostomy, in which the small intestine is re-directed out of an abdominal wall so that waste is collected using a bag, is used to treat conditions including Inflammatory Bowel Disease and colorectal cancer. This paper reports an in depth... Read More about The psychological challenges of living with an ileostomy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Evaluation of an online educational tool designed to reduce stress and boost well-being for people living with an ileostomy : a framework analysis (2017)
Journal Article
Spiers, J., Nicholls, A., & Simpson, P. (2017). Evaluation of an online educational tool designed to reduce stress and boost well-being for people living with an ileostomy : a framework analysis. International journal of applied psychology, 7(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijap.20170701.02

Ileostomies, in which the small intestine is re-directed out of a stoma in the stomach so that waste is collected using a bag, are using to treat conditions such as bowel cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Previous research has shown that life wi... Read More about Evaluation of an online educational tool designed to reduce stress and boost well-being for people living with an ileostomy : a framework analysis.

Children’s first experience of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids can occur before their 10th birthday: a systematic review identifying 9 factors that predict doping among young people (2017)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Bailey, R., Theodorou, N. C., Andrés, M. P., Kristensen, A. H., Thompson, M. A., …Thompson, M. (2017). Children’s first experience of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids can occur before their 10th birthday: a systematic review identifying 9 factors that predict doping among young people. Frontiers in psychology Frontiers Research Foundation, 8(JUN), Article ARTN 1015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01015

Taking performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) can cause serious and irreversible health consequences, which can ultimately lead to premature death. Some young people may take PEDs without fully understanding the ramifications of their actions or based on... Read More about Children’s first experience of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids can occur before their 10th birthday: a systematic review identifying 9 factors that predict doping among young people.

The development of a new sport-specific classification of coping and a meta-analysis of the relationship between different coping strategies and moderators on sporting outcomes (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Carroll, S., Taylor, N. J., & Perry, J. L. (2016). The development of a new sport-specific classification of coping and a meta-analysis of the relationship between different coping strategies and moderators on sporting outcomes. Frontiers in psychology Frontiers Research Foundation, 7(NOV), 1674-1-1674-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01674

There is an ever growing coping and sports performance literature, with researchers using many different methods to assess performance and different classifications of coping. As such, it makes it difficult to compare studies and therefore identify h... Read More about The development of a new sport-specific classification of coping and a meta-analysis of the relationship between different coping strategies and moderators on sporting outcomes.

A confirmatory factor analysis of the performance enhancement attitude scale for adult and adolescent athletes (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., & Levy, A. R. (2017). A confirmatory factor analysis of the performance enhancement attitude scale for adult and adolescent athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 28, 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.10.010

Objectives: The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS; Petróczi & Aidman, 2009) is an extensively used questionnaire to assess doping attitudes among adult and adolescent athletes. To date, however, there is limited evidence to support the str... Read More about A confirmatory factor analysis of the performance enhancement attitude scale for adult and adolescent athletes.

An online educational tool to promote psychological well-being, optimism, and coping self-efficacy among people living with an ileostomy : a pilot study (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A., Spiers, J., & Simpson, P. (2016). An online educational tool to promote psychological well-being, optimism, and coping self-efficacy among people living with an ileostomy : a pilot study. International journal of applied psychology, 6(5), 156-161. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijap.20160605.04

We assessed an online educational tool designed for people living with an ileostomy. Thirty-nine participants took part in a 10-week online educational tool, which included elements such as happiness profiling, understanding stress and coping, utilis... Read More about An online educational tool to promote psychological well-being, optimism, and coping self-efficacy among people living with an ileostomy : a pilot study.

The applicability of self-regulation theories in sport : goal adjustment capacities, stress appraisals, coping and well-being among athletes (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Carson, F., Thompson, M. A., & Perry, J. L. (2016). The applicability of self-regulation theories in sport : goal adjustment capacities, stress appraisals, coping and well-being among athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 27, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.011

Objectives: We examined a model, informed by self-regulation theories, which included goal adjustment capacities, appraisals of challenge and threat, coping, and well-being. Design: Prospective. Methods: Two hundred and twelve athletes from the Unite... Read More about The applicability of self-regulation theories in sport : goal adjustment capacities, stress appraisals, coping and well-being among athletes.

Football, sport and the development of young people’s life skills (2016)
Journal Article
Cope, E., Bailey, R., Parnell, D., & Nicholls, A. (2017). Football, sport and the development of young people’s life skills. Sport in Society, 20(7), 789-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1207771

The development of life skills has been associated with participation in sport, football and other physical activities. A factor in enabling this ambition to be realized is the actions and behaviors of sports coaches. Drawing on the concept of positi... Read More about Football, sport and the development of young people’s life skills.

The treatment experiences of people living with ileostomies: an interpretative phenomenological analysis (2016)
Journal Article
Spiers, J., Smith, J. A., Simpson, P., & Nicholls, A. R. (2016). The treatment experiences of people living with ileostomies: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of advanced nursing, 72(11), 2662-2671. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13018

Aims To explore treatment and healthcare experiences of people living with ileostomies, so nurses can build on best practice whilst caring for these patients. Background Ileostomies, in which the small intestine is re-directed out of a stoma in the a... Read More about The treatment experiences of people living with ileostomies: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Perceptions of coach-athlete relationship are more important to coaches than athletes in predicting dyadic coping and stress appraisals: An actor-partner independence mediation model (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., & Perry, J. L. (2016). Perceptions of coach-athlete relationship are more important to coaches than athletes in predicting dyadic coping and stress appraisals: An actor-partner independence mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAR), Article 447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00447

Most attempts to manage stress involve at least one other person, yet coping studies in sport tend to report an athlete’s individual coping strategies. There is a limited understanding of coping involving other people, particularly within sport, desp... Read More about Perceptions of coach-athlete relationship are more important to coaches than athletes in predicting dyadic coping and stress appraisals: An actor-partner independence mediation model.

Mentally tough athletes are more aware of unsupportive coaching behaviours: Perceptions of coach behaviour, motivational climate, and mental toughness in sport (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., & Morley, D. (2016). Mentally tough athletes are more aware of unsupportive coaching behaviours: Perceptions of coach behaviour, motivational climate, and mental toughness in sport. International journal of sports science & coaching, 11(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116636714

In this study we tested an a priori model that included coach behaviour, motivational climate, and mental toughness among 290 athletes. Structural equation modelling demonstrated that supportive coach behaviours were related to a task-involving clima... Read More about Mentally tough athletes are more aware of unsupportive coaching behaviours: Perceptions of coach behaviour, motivational climate, and mental toughness in sport.

Committed relationships and enhanced threat levels: Perceptions of coach behavior, the coach-athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping among athletes (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Jones, L., Meir, R., Radcliffe, J. N., & Perry, J. L. (2016). Committed relationships and enhanced threat levels: Perceptions of coach behavior, the coach-athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping among athletes. International journal of sports science & coaching, 11(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954115624825

The purpose of this study was to assess an a priori model that included perceptions of coach behavior, coach–athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping. A total of 274 athletes from the United Kingdom, Austalia, and Hong Kong completed relev... Read More about Committed relationships and enhanced threat levels: Perceptions of coach behavior, the coach-athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping among athletes.

The model of motivational dynamics in sport : resistance to peer influence, behavioral engagement and disaffection, dispositional coping, and resilience (2016)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A., Morley, D., & Perry, J. (2016). The model of motivational dynamics in sport : resistance to peer influence, behavioral engagement and disaffection, dispositional coping, and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2010-1-2010-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02010

The Model of Motivational Dynamics (MMD; Skinner and Pitzer, 2012) infers that peers influence behavioral engagement levels, which in turn is linked to coping and resilience. Scholars, however, are yet to test the MMD among an athletic population. Th... Read More about The model of motivational dynamics in sport : resistance to peer influence, behavioral engagement and disaffection, dispositional coping, and resilience.

Sources of sport confidence, imagery type and performance among competitive athletes: The mediating role of sports confidence (2015)
Journal Article
Levy, A. R., Perry, J., Nicholls, A. R., Larkin, D., & Davies, J. (2015). Sources of sport confidence, imagery type and performance among competitive athletes: The mediating role of sports confidence. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(7-8), 835-844

Aim: This study explored the mediating role of sport confidence upon (1) sources of sport confidence-performance relationship and (2) imagery-performance relationship. Methods: Participants were 157 competitive athletes who completed state measures o... Read More about Sources of sport confidence, imagery type and performance among competitive athletes: The mediating role of sports confidence.

The road to London 2012: the lived stressor, emotion, and coping experiences of gymnasts preparing for and competing at the world championships (2015)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., & Levy, A. R. (2016). The road to London 2012: the lived stressor, emotion, and coping experiences of gymnasts preparing for and competing at the world championships. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(3), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1020664

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived stressors, emotions, and coping experiences of four international gymnasts. A variety of recurring stressors were reported by the gymnasts, such as performing poorly in training, expectations from ot... Read More about The road to London 2012: the lived stressor, emotion, and coping experiences of gymnasts preparing for and competing at the world championships.

Assessing model fit: Caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (2015)
Journal Article
Perry, J. L., Nicholls, A. R., Clough, P. J., & Crust, L. (2015). Assessing model fit: Caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 19(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367x.2014.952370

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is commonly used to assess measurement models in sport and exercise psychology. Frequently used as a yardstick for their adequacy, are specific cutoff values proposed by Hu and Bentler (1999). The purpose of this st... Read More about Assessing model fit: Caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling.

Development and validation of the compliant and principled sportspersonship scale (2014)
Journal Article
Perry, J. L., Clough, P. J., Crust, L., Nabb, S. L., & Nicholls, A. R. (2015). Development and validation of the compliant and principled sportspersonship scale. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 86(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.980938

A new measure of sportspersonship that differentiates between compliance and principled decisions was developed and validated in three studies. In Study 1, a 71-item questionnaire was developed and administered to 357 sports participants, before prin... Read More about Development and validation of the compliant and principled sportspersonship scale.

Emotional maturity, dispositional coping, and coping effectiveness among adolescent athletes (2014)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., & Perry, J. L. (2015). Emotional maturity, dispositional coping, and coping effectiveness among adolescent athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 17(March), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.004

Objectives: Although some scholars have suggested that coping is constrained by emotional maturity, little is known about the relationship between these constructs. In this paper we assessed a model that included emotional maturity, dispositional cop... Read More about Emotional maturity, dispositional coping, and coping effectiveness among adolescent athletes.

Precompetitive achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among athletes (2014)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., & Calmeiro, L. (2014). Precompetitive achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among athletes. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 36(5), 433-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0266

Grounded in Lazarus’ (1991, 1999, 2000) Cognitive-Motivational-Relational theory of emotions, we tested a model of achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping. We predicted that pre-competitive achievement goals would be associated wit... Read More about Precompetitive achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among athletes.

Coach perceptions of performance enhancement in adolescence: The sport drug control model for adolescent athletes (2014)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., Thompson, M. A., Baghurst, T., Jones, L., Levy, A. R., …Sanctuary, C. (2014). Coach perceptions of performance enhancement in adolescence: The sport drug control model for adolescent athletes. Performance enhancement & health, 3(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2015.07.001

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Aim: We qualitatively explored the Sport Drug Control Model (SDCM; Donovan, Eggar, Kapernick, & Mendoza, 2002), in order to examine coaches' perceptions of adolescent athletes' attitudes and susceptibility towards doping. Metho... Read More about Coach perceptions of performance enhancement in adolescence: The sport drug control model for adolescent athletes.

Coaching the coaches: Coping effectiveness training for super league academy managers (2014)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R. (2014). Coaching the coaches: Coping effectiveness training for super league academy managers. Journal of sport psychology in action, 5(2), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2014.911229

Playing sport at any level can be stressful, especially for high-level adolescent rugby league players who are hoping to forge a career in their sport. These athletes could potentially experience stressors of playing for their academy side, loan team... Read More about Coaching the coaches: Coping effectiveness training for super league academy managers.

Dispositional coping, coping effectiveness, and cognitive social maturity among adolescent athletes (2013)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., Jones, L., Morley, D., & Carson, F. (2013). Dispositional coping, coping effectiveness, and cognitive social maturity among adolescent athletes. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 35(3), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.3.229

It is accepted among scholars that coping changes as people mature during adolescence, but little is known about the relationship between maturity and coping. The purpose of this paper was to assess a model, which included dispositional coping, copin... Read More about Dispositional coping, coping effectiveness, and cognitive social maturity among adolescent athletes.

Factorial validity of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48 (2012)
Journal Article
Perry, J. L., Clough, P. J., Crust, L., Earle, K., & Nicholls, A. R. (2013). Factorial validity of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48. Personality and individual differences, 54(5), 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.020

The purpose of this study was to assess the factorial validity of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48 (Clough, Earle, & Sewell, 2002). In total, 8207 participants (male n= 4019, female n= 3922, unspecified = 266) aged between 16 and 68. years (M=... Read More about Factorial validity of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48.

Gender differences in stress, appraisal, and coping during golf putting (2012)
Journal Article
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Gender differences in stress, appraisal, and coping during golf putting. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2013.749004

Gender differences in coping in sport have received increased attention, but cross-sectional and retrospective designs of studies have provided equivocal results and limited conclusions in the area. To address this gap, two studies were conducted inv... Read More about Gender differences in stress, appraisal, and coping during golf putting.

Gender differences in appraisal and coping: an examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis (2012)
Journal Article
Polman, R., & Nicholls, A. (2012). Gender differences in appraisal and coping: an examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 43(1), 41640

Gender differences in coping in sport have received increased attention, but cross-sectional and retrospective designs of studies have provided equivocal results and limited conclusions in the area. To address this gap, two studies were conducted inv... Read More about Gender differences in appraisal and coping: an examination of the situational and dispositional hypothesis.

A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes (2011)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2012). A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(3), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.003

Objectives In this study we examined athletes’ stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction ratings using a path analysis model. This is the first study to explore all of these constructs in a single study and provides a more hol... Read More about A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes.

Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport (2011)
Journal Article
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. European journal of sport science : the official journal of the European College of Sport Science, 12(1), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.551410

In this study, we examined the influence of the Big Five personality dimensions (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) on the appraisal (intensity, control) of a self-selected stressor, coping, and p... Read More about Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport.

The effects of a coping intervention on coping self-efficacy, coping effectiveness, and subjective performance among adolescent soccer players (2011)
Journal Article
Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R., & McKenna, J. (2011). The effects of a coping intervention on coping self-efficacy, coping effectiveness, and subjective performance among adolescent soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(2), 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2011.567104

This study examined the effects of a coping effectiveness training for adolescent soccer players (CETASP) intervention on coping self-efficacy (CSE), coping effectiveness (CE), and subjective performance. The participants were five male soccer player... Read More about The effects of a coping intervention on coping self-efficacy, coping effectiveness, and subjective performance among adolescent soccer players.

An exploration of the two-factor schematization of relation meaning and emotions among professional rugby union players (2011)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Jones, L., Rengamani, M., & Polman, R. C. (2011). An exploration of the two-factor schematization of relation meaning and emotions among professional rugby union players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2011.563128

The aim of this paper was to explore Lazarus's two-factor schematization of losses and gains and the emotions generated in response to loss (threat and harm) and gain (challenge and benefit) relational meanings. Participants were 10 professional rugb... Read More about An exploration of the two-factor schematization of relation meaning and emotions among professional rugby union players.

Longitudinal analyses of stressors, perceived control, coping, and coping effectiveness among early and middle adolescent soccer players (2011)
Journal Article
Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R., & Mckenna, J. (2011). Longitudinal analyses of stressors, perceived control, coping, and coping effectiveness among early and middle adolescent soccer players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(2), 186-203

This longitudinal study compared stressors, perceived stressor control, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness among early and middle adolescent soccer players, across a competitive season. Fifty academy soccer players completed at least one boo... Read More about Longitudinal analyses of stressors, perceived control, coping, and coping effectiveness among early and middle adolescent soccer players.

Type D personality, stress, and symptoms of burnout: The influence of avoidance coping and social support (2010)
Journal Article
Polman, R., Borkoles, E., & Nicholls, A. R. (2010). Type D personality, stress, and symptoms of burnout: The influence of avoidance coping and social support. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 681-696. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910709X479069

Objective. This study investigated whether approach coping, avoidance coping, or perceptions of available social support mediated the relationship between Type D personality and perceived stress. Furthermore, this research also examined whether Type... Read More about Type D personality, stress, and symptoms of burnout: The influence of avoidance coping and social support.

The mediating role of coping: a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness among athletes (2010)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A. R., & Borkoles, E. (2010). The mediating role of coping: a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness among athletes. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(3), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020064

This study examines the relationship among global coping self-efficacy, coping, and coping effectiveness within athletes. We hypothesized that there would be a positive association between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness, which would be... Read More about The mediating role of coping: a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness among athletes.

The ups and downs of coping and sport achievement: An episodic process analysis of within-person associations (2010)
Journal Article
Gaudreau, P., Nicholls, A., & Levy, A. (2010). The ups and downs of coping and sport achievement: An episodic process analysis of within-person associations. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 32(3), 298-311. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.3.298

This study examined the relationship between coping and sport achievement at the within-person level of analysis. Fifty-four golfers completed diary measures of coping, stress, and sport achievement after six consecutive rounds of golf. Results of hi... Read More about The ups and downs of coping and sport achievement: An episodic process analysis of within-person associations.

Pre-competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport (2010)
Journal Article
Levy, A. R., Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. (2011). Pre-competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(5), 721-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01075.x

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between confidence and subjective performance in addition to exploring whether coping mediated this relationship. A sample of 414 athletes completed a measure of confidence before perf... Read More about Pre-competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport.

Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes (2010)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R., & Levy, A. R. (2010). Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes. European journal of sport science : the official journal of the European College of Sport Science, 10(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390903271592

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between (a) coping self-efficacy and subjective performance, (b) coping self-efficacy and pre-competitive anxiety, and (c) pre-competitive anxiety and subjective performance. Participants were 30... Read More about Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes.

Stress appraisals, coping, and coping effectiveness among international cross-country runners during training and competition (2009)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Grice, A., & Polman, R. C. J. (2009). Stress appraisals, coping, and coping effectiveness among international cross-country runners during training and competition. European journal of sport science : the official journal of the European College of Sport Science, 9(5), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390902836049

The aims of this study were to explore: (a) stressors (including intensity of the feelings that the appraisal of each stressor generated and control of the stressor) and coping strategies on training and competition days; (b) the relationship between... Read More about Stress appraisals, coping, and coping effectiveness among international cross-country runners during training and competition.

Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport (2009)
Journal Article
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R., & Nicholls, A. (2009). Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport. Personality and individual differences, 47(7), 728-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.012

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness, stressor appraisal, coping strategies and coping effectiveness among a sample of athletes. Participants were 482 athletes (male n=305: female n=177), aged betw... Read More about Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport.

Coping and coping effectiveness in relation to a competitive sport event: pubertal status, chronological age, and gender among adolescent athletes (2009)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A., Polman, R., Morley, D., & Taylor, N. J. (2009). Coping and coping effectiveness in relation to a competitive sport event: pubertal status, chronological age, and gender among adolescent athletes. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 31(3), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.3.299

An aim of this paper was to discover whether athletes of different pubertal status, chronological age, and gender reported distinct coping strategies in response to stress during a competitive event in their sport. A secondary aim was to examine pube... Read More about Coping and coping effectiveness in relation to a competitive sport event: pubertal status, chronological age, and gender among adolescent athletes.

Mental toughness: managerial and age differences (2009)
Journal Article
Marchant, D. C., Polman, R. C. J., Clough, P. J., Jackson, J. G., Levy, A. R., & Nicholls, A. R. (2009). Mental toughness: managerial and age differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910959753

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate whether employees at various levels of managerial positions (e.g. senior, middle, and junior) exhibit different levels of mental toughness. In addition, the study seeks to explore possible effects... Read More about Mental toughness: managerial and age differences.

Organisational Stressors, Coping, and Coping Effectiveness: A Longitudinal Study with an Elite Coach (2009)
Journal Article
Levy, A., Nicholls, A., Marchant, D., & Polman, R. (2009). Organisational Stressors, Coping, and Coping Effectiveness: A Longitudinal Study with an Elite Coach. International journal of sports science & coaching, 4(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.4.1.31

The purpose of this study was to examine organisational stressors, coping, and perceptions of coping effectiveness with an elite coach. The participant completed a daily diary over a 28-day period. Each diary entry consisted of an open-ended stressor... Read More about Organisational Stressors, Coping, and Coping Effectiveness: A Longitudinal Study with an Elite Coach.

Stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among international adolescent golfers (2009)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Hemmings, B., & Clough, P. J. (2010). Stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among international adolescent golfers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(2), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00894.x

The aims of this study were to (a) explore the emotions generated during or as a consequence of stress appraisals, after coping, and after the event outcome, (b) explore whether multiple emotions were generated from the initial stress appraisal throu... Read More about Stress appraisals, emotions, and coping among international adolescent golfers.

Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences (2009)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A. R., & Backhouse, S. H. (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and individual differences, 47(1), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in mental toughness among athletes of different: (a) achievement level, (b) gender, (c) age, (d) sporting experience, and (e) sport type (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact... Read More about Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences.

Stressors and coping strategies among early and middle adolescent premier league academy soccer players: differences according to age (2009)
Journal Article
Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R., & McKenna, J. (2009). Stressors and coping strategies among early and middle adolescent premier league academy soccer players: differences according to age. Journal of applied sport psychology, 21(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802443768

The purpose of this study was to examine stressors and coping strategies among early (12-14 years) and middle adolescents (15-18 years). Forty male academy soccer players, aged between 12-18 years (M age = 14.22 years), participated in semi-structure... Read More about Stressors and coping strategies among early and middle adolescent premier league academy soccer players: differences according to age.

Think Aloud: Acute Stress and Coping Strategies during Golf Performances (2008)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A., & Polman, R. C. J. (2008). Think Aloud: Acute Stress and Coping Strategies during Golf Performances. Anxiety, stress, and coping, 21(3), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701609207

A limitation of the sport psychology coping literature is the amount of time between a stressful episode and the recall of the coping strategies used in the stressful event (Nicholls Polman, 2007). The purpose of this study was to develop and impleme... Read More about Think Aloud: Acute Stress and Coping Strategies during Golf Performances.

The lived experiences of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in relation to exercise (2008)
Journal Article
Borkoles, E., Nicholls, A. R., Bell, K., Butterly, R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2008). The lived experiences of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in relation to exercise. Psychology & health, 23(4), 427-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14768320701205309

The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of people diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Seven active exercisers with MS participated in semi-structured interviews regarding their exercise experiences since diagnosis. Data wer... Read More about The lived experiences of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in relation to exercise.

Acute sport-related stressors, coping, and emotion among professional rugby union players during training and matches (2008)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Jones, C. R., Polman, R. C. J., & Borkoles, E. (2009). Acute sport-related stressors, coping, and emotion among professional rugby union players during training and matches. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(1), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00772.x

The purpose of this study was to examine acute sport-related stressors, coping, and emotion among a sample of professional rugby union players during training and matches. Five professional rugby union players maintained diaries for 31 days. The diar... Read More about Acute sport-related stressors, coping, and emotion among professional rugby union players during training and matches.

Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players (2008)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Backhouse, S. H., Polman, R. C. J., & McKenna, J. (2009). Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(1), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00757.x

The purpose of the present study was to examine (a) the sources of sport and non-sport stress and their associated symptoms on rest days, training days, and match days and (b) the temporal aspects of sources and symptoms of stress and affective state... Read More about Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players.

Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes (2007)
Journal Article
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C., Levy, A. R., & Backhouse, S. H. (2008). Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and individual differences, 44(5), 1182-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011

The concept of mental toughness is widely used, but empirical evidence is required to fully understand this construct and its related variables. The purpose of this paper was to explore the relationship between: (a) mental toughness and coping, (b) m... Read More about Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes.